Table 4. Prevalence and Association of Childhood Parental Incarceration and Offspring Adult Derailments.
Derailment | No. (%)a | OR (95% CI)b | P Value | OR (95% CI)c | P Value | P Value for Sex Differenced | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Incarceration (n = 893) | Any Parental Figure Incarcerated (n = 441) | ||||||
Health | |||||||
Serious health problem | 246 (25.6) | 165 (32.5) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) | .13 | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | .57 | .83 |
Psychiatric and substance problem | 55 (5.5) | 42 (9.6) | 2.0 (1.0-3.9) | .05 | 1.6 (0.8-3.0) | .18 | .68 |
Suicidal behavior | 49 (7.0) | 23 (7.1) | 1.0 (0.4-2.4) | .97 | 0.7 (0.2-2.1) | .52 | .43 |
Legal | |||||||
Felony charge | 96 (11.5) | 113 (35.0) | 4.9 (2.7-8.8) | <.001 | 3.4 (1.8-6.5) | <.001 | .13 |
Incarceration | 76 (5.1) | 104 (18.7) | 4.5 (2.4-8.4) | <.001 | 2.8 (1.4-5.4) | .003 | .82 |
Financial | |||||||
Did not complete high school | 73 (5.0) | 93 (25.0) | 7.0 (3.8-12.7) | <.001 | 4.4 (2.2-8.8) | <.001 | .41 |
Unable to keep job | 41 (3.4) | 29 (6.0) | 1.6 (0.6-3.9) | .34 | 1.3 (0.5-3.6) | .62 | .10 |
Low income | 153 (17.5) | 119 (37.2) | 2.7 (1.6-4.4) | .001 | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | .10 | .95 |
Social | |||||||
Early parenthood | 43 (2.8) | 52 (14.3) | 5.6 (2.6-12.3) | <.001 | 3.0 (1.1-8.4) | .04 | .05 |
No social support | 131 (9.4) | 103 (24.5) | 2.9 (1.7-5.0) | .001 | 2.2 (1.2-4.0) | .009 | .97 |
Derailments | |||||||
≥2 | 235 (20.4) | 224 (44.1) | 2.9 (1.9-4.4) | <.001 | 1.9 (1.2-3.1) | .01 | .88 |
≥3 | 109 (5.5) | 141 (31.5) | 4.8 (2.9-7.9) | <.001 | 3.1 (1.8-5.5) | <.001 | .56 |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
Numbers are unweighted, and percentages are weighted.
Adjusted for sex and race/ethnicity.
Adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, childhood psychiatric disorders, and childhood adversities. Child psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and substance use disorders. Childhood adversities include low family socioeconomic status, familial instability, family dysfunction, maltreatment, and bullying.
Sex differences were assessed with an interaction term between sex and parental incarceration status.