Table 4. Prevalence and Association of Childhood Parental Incarceration and Offspring Adult Derailments.
| Derailment | No. (%)a | OR (95% CI)b | P Value | OR (95% CI)c | P Value | P Value for Sex Differenced | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Incarceration (n = 893) | Any Parental Figure Incarcerated (n = 441) | ||||||
| Health | |||||||
| Serious health problem | 246 (25.6) | 165 (32.5) | 1.4 (0.9-2.1) | .13 | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | .57 | .83 |
| Psychiatric and substance problem | 55 (5.5) | 42 (9.6) | 2.0 (1.0-3.9) | .05 | 1.6 (0.8-3.0) | .18 | .68 |
| Suicidal behavior | 49 (7.0) | 23 (7.1) | 1.0 (0.4-2.4) | .97 | 0.7 (0.2-2.1) | .52 | .43 |
| Legal | |||||||
| Felony charge | 96 (11.5) | 113 (35.0) | 4.9 (2.7-8.8) | <.001 | 3.4 (1.8-6.5) | <.001 | .13 |
| Incarceration | 76 (5.1) | 104 (18.7) | 4.5 (2.4-8.4) | <.001 | 2.8 (1.4-5.4) | .003 | .82 |
| Financial | |||||||
| Did not complete high school | 73 (5.0) | 93 (25.0) | 7.0 (3.8-12.7) | <.001 | 4.4 (2.2-8.8) | <.001 | .41 |
| Unable to keep job | 41 (3.4) | 29 (6.0) | 1.6 (0.6-3.9) | .34 | 1.3 (0.5-3.6) | .62 | .10 |
| Low income | 153 (17.5) | 119 (37.2) | 2.7 (1.6-4.4) | .001 | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | .10 | .95 |
| Social | |||||||
| Early parenthood | 43 (2.8) | 52 (14.3) | 5.6 (2.6-12.3) | <.001 | 3.0 (1.1-8.4) | .04 | .05 |
| No social support | 131 (9.4) | 103 (24.5) | 2.9 (1.7-5.0) | .001 | 2.2 (1.2-4.0) | .009 | .97 |
| Derailments | |||||||
| ≥2 | 235 (20.4) | 224 (44.1) | 2.9 (1.9-4.4) | <.001 | 1.9 (1.2-3.1) | .01 | .88 |
| ≥3 | 109 (5.5) | 141 (31.5) | 4.8 (2.9-7.9) | <.001 | 3.1 (1.8-5.5) | <.001 | .56 |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
a
Numbers are unweighted, and percentages are weighted.
b
Adjusted for sex and race/ethnicity.
c
Adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, childhood psychiatric disorders, and childhood adversities. Child psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and substance use disorders. Childhood adversities include low family socioeconomic status, familial instability, family dysfunction, maltreatment, and bullying.
d
Sex differences were assessed with an interaction term between sex and parental incarceration status.