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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Protoc. 2018 Oct;13(10):2362–2386. doi: 10.1038/s41596-018-0042-5

Figure 1. Simplified schematic of intracellular redox buffering systems.

Figure 1.

R-5-P, ribulose 5-phosphate; ME1/3, malic enzyme 1/3; IDH1/2, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2; MTHFD1/2, methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1/2; NNT, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase; SIRT2, sirtuin 2; NAMPT, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; NMNAT, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; GR, glutathione reductase; TR, thioredoxin reductase; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; GSH, reduced glutathione; Trx-S2, oxidized thioredoxin; Trx-(SH)2, reduced thioredoxin; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; Prx3/5, peroxiredoxin 3/5; Pro-S2, proteins with disulfide bonds; Pro-(SH)2, proteins with reduced thiols; NOX, NADPH oxidase.