Fig. 3.

TMZ-resistant GBM cells promotes generation of M2 GAMs. a Real-time PCR analysis showed TMZ-R GBM co-cultured HMC3 (microglial cells) showed a significantly increased level of M2 markers CD206 and CD163 but not M1 markers INF-γ and TNF-α; similar observations were made in TMZ-S co-culture but with lower elevation of M2 markers. b ELISA assays showing the increased M2 cytokines secreted by co-culturing TMZ-R and TMZ-S GBM cells with HMC3 microglial cells. TMZ-R co-cultured HMC3 microglia released an increased level of M2 cytokines, TGF-β and IL-6 but decreased M1 cytokines, INF-Ƴ and TNF-α; TMZ-R co-cultured HMC3 showed similar results but with lower level of M2 cytokines as compared to TMZ-R counterparts. c Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated the increased post TMZ-R with HMC3 microglia co-cultured. An increased mRNA level of IL-10, IL-4, IL-13 and CCL2 was observed. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001