Table 3.

Parameter estimates and standard errors for the total effects and indirect effects under investigation (shown in Figure 2)

Pathways	Estimate (SE)
Iron statusa → child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness
Total Effect	.004 (.047)
Total Indirect Effect:
Iron status → child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness	.032* (.016)
Iron statusa → child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 5y
Total Effect	−.508 (.356)
Total Indirect Effect	−.178 (.172)
Iron status → child dull affect-social reticence → child verbal skills 5y	−.196† (.144)
Iron status → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 5y	.084 (.114)
Iron status → child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 5y	−.075† (.040)
Iron statusa → child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 10y
Total Effect	−.349 (.591)
Total Indirect Effect	−.195 (.211)
Iron status → child dull affect-social reticence → child verbal skills 10y	−.208 (.140)
Iron status → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 10y	.110 (.150)
Iron status → child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 10y	−.098† (.054)
Child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 5y
Total Effect	−1.025** (.382)
Total Indirect Effect:
Child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 5y	−.293*** (.082)
Child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 10y	−1.195** (.461)
Total Effect
Total Indirect Effect
Child dull affect-social reticence → parent unresponsiveness → child verbal skills 10y	−.382*** (.117)

Note.Above are listed all indirect effects in the main model presented in Figure 2. Analyses adjusted for: child sex, iron supplementation group in the prevention trial, duration breastfed, family SES, maternal education, family stress, maternal depression, number of children in the household, and mothers’ IQ. Child dull affect-social reticence was also adjusted for infant dull temperament.

^aIron status was coded to reflect increasing deficiency severity: 0 = iron sufficient, 1 = iron deficient, 2 = iron-deficient anemic.

^†p < .09.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.