Table 3A.
Outcome | Depression Scale | Depression Scale |
Depression Scale | Depression Scale |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Never Hopeful | Sometimes Hopeful | A lot Hopeful | Always Hopeful |
Post 9/11 Indicator | 0.154 | 0.228 | 0.489*** | 0.650*** |
(0.329) | (0.206) | (0.174) | (0.188) | |
Time | −0.002 | −0.003** | −0.002** | −0.003*** |
(0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
Black | −0.029 | 0.491*** | 0.573*** | 0.500*** |
(0.273) | (0.183) | (0.156) | (0.150) | |
Hispanic | 0.396 | 0.098 | 0.350** | 0.162 |
(0.301) | (0.188) | (0.169) | (0.192) | |
Other Race | 1.010** | 0.345 | 0.627*** | 0.884*** |
(0.399) | (0.239) | (0.209) | (0.247) | |
Male | −1.392*** | −0.733*** | −0.781*** | −0.670*** |
(0.209) | (0.132) | (0.111) | (0.119) | |
Age | 0.033 | 0.037 | −0.005 | −0.081** |
(0.061) | (0.038) | (0.032) | (0.034) | |
Family Income | 0.002 | −0.004* | −0.002 | −0.003** |
(0.003) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
Maternal Education | −0.030 | −0.035 | −0.062** | −0.077*** |
(0.050) | (0.031) | (0.027) | (0.029) | |
PVT Score | −0.013 | −0.030*** | −0.030*** | −0.029*** |
(0.008) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Missing Maternal Education | 0.288 | 0.071 | 0.405** | 0.405* |
(0.306) | (0.212) | (0.193) | (0.214) | |
Missing State Information | 2.140* | −0.274 | 1.718* | 0.017 |
(1.288) | (1.085) | (0.906) | (0.757) | |
Constant | 7.025*** | 8.559*** | 8.746*** | 10.223*** |
(1.607) | (1.041) | (0.890) | (0.945) | |
Observations | 1,694 | 3,859 | 5,081 | 4,390 |
R-squared | 0.037 | 0.031 | 0.036 | 0.039 |
Notes: Robust standard errors,
1%,
5%,
10%.
This table reports associations from Table 2, column 2 stratified by baseline hopefulness categories (never, sometimes, a lot, always) and finds large impacts of exposure to 9/11 for those reporting “a lot” and “always” levels of hopefulness but statistically insignificant effects for those respondents reporting “never” or “sometimes” levels of hopefulness at Wave 1. Additional controls not shown: Missing PVT score indicator, Missing Family Income Information Indicator, both of which are not significant.