TABLE 1.
Amylase enzymes (α-amylase, β-amylase and glucoamylase) from halophilic microorganisms∗.
| Name of | Enzyme | Cloning of | ||||||
| Amylase type | microorganism | Type | Strain | size (kDa) | Enzyme stability and activity | enzyme | ||
| Temperature range | pH range | NaCl range | ||||||
| (optimum) (°C) | (optimum) | (optimum) (M) | ||||||
| α-Amylase | Haloferax mediterranei1 | H A | 58 | 50–60 (60) | 7–8 | 2–4 (3) | NR | |
| Haloarcula sp.2 | H A | S-1 | 70 | 50 | 7 | 4.3 | NR | |
| Haloarcula hispanica3 | H A | 43.3 | 37–60 (50) | 3–9 (6.5) | 0–5 (4–5) | NR | ||
| Halorubrum xinjiangense4 | H A | 60 | (70) | 7–9 (8.5) | (4) | NR | ||
| Natronococcus sp.5 | H A | Ah-36 | 74 | +50 (55) | 6–8 (8.5) | 2.5 | + | |
| Chromohalobacter sp.6 | H B | TVSP 101 | 72 and 62 | 30–85 (65) | (9) | 0–3.4 | NR | |
| Salimicrobium halophilum7 | H B | LY20 | 81 | 30–80 (70) | 6–12 (10) | 0.4–3.4 (1.7) | NR | |
| Thalassobacillus sp.8 | H B | LY18 | 31 | 30–90 (70) | 6–12 (9) | 0–3.4 (1.7) | NR | |
| Halothermothrix orenii9 | M H B | 52 and 72.3 | (65) | (7.5) | To 4.5 (0.9) | + | ||
| Kocuria varians10 | M H B | 77 | NR | NR | 1–2 | + | ||
| Halomonas meridiana11 | M H B | NR | (37) | 7–10 (7) | Up to 5.4 (1.7) | + | ||
| Marinobacter sp.12 | M H B | EMB8 | 72 | (45) | 6–11 (7) | 0.1–3.4 (0.1) | NR | |
| Acinetobacter sp.13 | M H B | 55 and 65 | (50–55) | (7) | (0.2–0.6) | NR | ||
| Micrococcus halobius14 | M H B | 89 | (50–55) | (6–7) | (0.25) | NR | ||
| Halomonas sp.15 | M H B | AAD21 | NR | 35–60 (50) | 4–7 (6.5) | 0.4 | NR | |
| Bacillus dipsosauri16 | M H B | DD1 | 30 | (Below than 60) | (6.5) | NR | NR | |
| Halobacillus sp.17 | M H B | MA-2 | NR | 50 (10–70) | 7.5–8.5 (7.8) | (0.9) | NR | |
| Bacillus sp.18 | M H B | TSCVKK | NR | 40–70 (55) | 6.5–9.5 (7.5) | 1.7–3.4 (1.7) | NR | |
| Bacillus sp.19 | M H B | AB68 | NR | 20–90 (50) | 5–10.5 (10.5) | 0–3.4 (0.9) | NR | |
| Nesterenkonia sp.20 | M H B | F | 100–106 | (45) | 6–7.5 (7.5) | 0–4 (0.5) | NR | |
| Zunongwangia profunda21 | M B | 66 | 0–35 (35) | (7) | (1.5) | + | ||
| Saccharopolyspora sp.22 | M A | A9 | 66 | (55) | 8–12 (11) | 1.8–2.6 (1.8) | NR | |
| Streptomyces sp.23 | M A | D1 | 66 | 37–85 (45) | 7–12 (9) | 1.2–2 (1.2) | NR | |
| Aspergillus penicillioides24 | H F | TISTR 3639 | 42 | Below than 90 (80) | 9–11 (9) | 1.7–6.8 (5.1) | NR | |
| Engyodontium album25 | H F | TISTR 3645 | 50 | 40–60 (60) | 5–9 (9) | 0–5.1 (5.1) | NR | |
| β-Amylase | Halobacillus sp.26 | M H B | LY9 | NR | 50–70 (60) | 4–12 (8) | 0.9–3.4 (1.7–2.1) | NR |
| Salimicrobium halophilum7 | M H B | LY20 | 81 | (70) | 6–12 (10) | 0.4–3.4 (1.7) | NR | |
| Glucoamylase | Halolactibacillus sp.27 | H B | SK71 | 78.5 | 0–100 (70) | 7–12 (8) | 0–3.4 (1.3) | NR |
| Halorubrum sp.28 | H A | Ha25 | 140 | (50) | (7–7.5) | 0–4.5 | NR | |
| Alkalilimnicola sp.29 | H B | NM-DCM-1 | 80 | 47–57 (55) | 8.5–10.5 (9.5) | 1.7–2.6 (2) | + | |
∗H A, halophilic archaeon; H B, halophilic bacterium; M H B, moderate halophile bacterium; M B, marine bacterium; M A, marine actinomycete; H F, halophilic fungi; N R, not reported. 1Pérez-Pomares et al. (2003), 2Fukushima et al. (2005), 3Hutcheon et al. (2005), 4Moshfegh et al. (2013), 5Kobayashi et al. (1992), 6Prakash B. et al. (2009), 7Li and Yu (2012a), 8Li and Yu (2012c), 9Mijts and Patel (2002), 10Yamaguchi et al. (2011), 11Coronado et al. (2000), 12Kumar and Khare (2012), 13Onishi and Hidaka (1978), 14Onishi and Sonoda (1979), 15Uzyol et al. (2012), 16Deutch (2002), 17Amoozegar et al. (2003), 18Kiran and Chandra (2008), 19Aygan et al. (2008), 20Shafiei et al. (2010, 2011, 2012), 21Qin et al. (2014), 22Chakraborty et al. (2011), 23Chakraborty et al. (2009), 24Ali et al. (2015), 25Ali et al. (2014), 26Li and Yu (2011), 27Yu and Li (2014), 28Siroosi et al. (2014), 29Mesbah and Wiegel (2018).