Table 2. Contamination profile of home nebulizers of cystic fibrosis patients: type of fungus and bacteria according to place of contamination.
| Characteristics | Interface | Cup | Any part of the device | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 95%CI | N (%) | 95%CI | N (%) | 95%CI | |
| Any contamination | 45 (60.8) | 49.7 - 71.9 | 46 (62.2) | 51.2 - 73.2 | 53 (71.6) | 61.3 - 81.9 |
| Bacterial contamination | 35 (47.3) | 35.9 - 58.7 | 37 (50.0) | 38.6 - 61.4 | 42 (56.8) | 45.5 - 68.1 |
| Gram-negative bacteriaa | 25 (71.4) | 56.4 - 86.4 | 23 (62.2) | 46.6 - 77.8 | 36 (85.7) | 75.1 - 96.3 |
| Pseudomonas spp.a | 5 (14.3) | 2.7 - 25.9 | 9 (24.3) | 10.5 - 38.1 | 13 (31.0) | 17.0 - 45.0 |
| Non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa a | -- | -- | 2 (5.4) | 0.0 - 12.7 | 2 (4.8) | 0.0 - 11.3 |
| Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa a | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Other Pseudomonas a | 5 (14.3) | 2.7 - 25.9 | 7 (18.9) | 6.3 - 31.5 | 10 (23.8) | 10.9 - 36.7 |
| Acinetobacter spp.a | 8 (22.9) | 9.0 - 36.8 | 7 (18.9) | 6.3 - 31.5 | 9 (21.4) | 9.0 - 33.8 |
| Stenotrophomonas spp.a | 5 (14.3) | 2.7 - 25.9 | 4 (10.8) | 0.8 - 20.8 | 5 (11.9) | 2.1 - 21.7 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia a | 5 (14.3) | 2.7 - 25.9 | 4 (10.8) | 0.8 - 20.8 | 5 (11.9) | 2.1 - 21.7 |
| Enterobacter spp.a | 3 (8.6) | 0.0 - 17.9 | 4 (10.8) | 0.8 - 20.8 | 4 (11.9) | 2.1 - 21.7 |
| Klebsiella spp.a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | 4 (10.8) | 0.8 - 20.8 | 4 (9.5) | 0.6 - 18.4 |
| Sphingobacterium spp.a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 2 (4.8) | 0.0 - 11.3 |
| Delftia spp.a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | 2 (5.4) | 0.0 - 12.7 | 2 (4.8) | 0.0 - 11.3 |
| Burkholderia spp.a | -- | -- | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 -7.0 |
| Burkholderia cepacia complexa | -- | -- | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 -7.0 |
| Othera | 12 (34.3) | 18.6 - 50.0 | 9 (24.3) | 10.5 - 38.1 | 15 (35.7) | 21.2 - 50.2 |
| Chryseobacterium indologenes a | 5 (14.3) | 2.7 - 25.9 | 4 (10.8) | 0.8 - 20.8 | 5 (11.9) | 2.1 - 21.7 |
| Sphingomonas paucimobilis a | 2 (5.7) | 0.0 - 13.4 | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 3 (7.1) | 0.0 - 14.9 |
| Pantoea agglomerans a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 2 (4.8) | 0.0 - 11.3 |
| Aeromonas hydrophila a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | -- | -- | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 - 7.0 |
| Comamonas testosteron a | -- | -- | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 - 7.0 |
| Moraxella osloensis a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | -- | -- | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 - 7.0 |
| Rhizobium radiobacter a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 - 7.0 |
| Serratia marcescens a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 - 7.0 |
| Gram-positive bacteriaa | 10 (28.6) | 13.6 - 43.6 | 10 (27.0) | 12.7 - 41.3 | 17 (40.5) | 25.7 - 55.3 |
| Staphylococcus spp.a | 6 (17.1) | 4.6 - 29.6 | 7 (18.9) | 6.3 - 31.5 | 9 (21.4) | 9.0 - 33.8 |
| Staphylococcus aureus a | 2 (5.7) | 0.0 - 13.4 | 2 (5.4) | 0.0 - 12.7 | 2 (4.8) | 0.0 - 11.3 |
| Oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus a | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 - 7.0 |
| Other Staphylococcus a | 3 (8.6) | 0.0 - 17.9 | 4 (10.8) | 0.8 - 20.8 | 6 (14.3) | 3.7 - 24.9 |
| Micrococcus spp.a | 4 (11.4) | 0.9 - 21.9 | 4 (10.8) | 0.8 - 20.8 | 6 (14.3) | 3.7 - 24.9 |
| Bacillus spp.a | 3 (8.6) | 0.0 - 17.9 | 4 (10.8) | 0.8 - 20.8 | 5 (11.9) | 2.1 - 21.7 |
| Streptococcus spp.a | -- | -- | 1 (2.7) | 0.0 - 7.9 | 1 (2.4) | 0.0 - 7.0 |
| Fungal contamination | 20 (27.0) | 16.9 - 37.1 | 28 (37.8) | 26.8 - 48.8 | 34 (45.9) | 34.5 - 57.3 |
| Candida spp.b | 11 (55.0) | 33.2 - 76.8 | 14 (50.0) | 31.5 - 68.5 | 18 (52.9) | 36.1 - 69.7 |
| Non-albicans Candida spp.b | 9 (45.0) | 23.2 - 66.8 | 14 (50.0) | 31.5 - 68.5 | 16 (47.1) | 30.3 - 63.9 |
| Candida albicans b | 1 (5.0) | 0.0 - 14.6 | -- | -- | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 |
| Candida spp.b | 1 (5.0) | 0.0 - 14.6 | -- | -- | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 |
| Environmental contaminant fungusb | 4 (20.0) | 2.5 - 37.5 | 8 (28.6) | 11.9 - 45.3 | 9 (26.5) | 11.7 - 41.3 |
| Otherb | 7 (35.0) | 14.1 - 55.9 | 7 (25.0) | 9.0 - 41.0 | 10 (29.4) | 14.1 - 44.7 |
| Cladosporium sp.b | 3 (15.0) | 0.0 - 30.6 | 3 (10.7) | 0.0 - 22.1 | 4 (11.8) | 1.0 - 22.6 |
| Rhodotorula spp.b | 3 (15.0) | 0.0 - 30.6 | 3 (10.7) | 0.0 - 22.1 | 4 (11.8) | 1.0 - 22.6 |
| Aspergillus niger b | -- | -- | 1 (3.6) | 0.0 - 10.5 | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 |
| Penicillium sp.b | 1 (5.0) | 0.0 - 14.6 | -- | -- | 1 (2.9) | 0.0 - 8.5 |
a
Proportion calculated among number of interfaces (N=35), cups (N=37) and any part of nebulizer (N=42) with bacterial contamination. bProportion calculated among number of interfaces (N=20), cups (N=28) and any part of nebulizer (N=34) with bacterial contamination.