. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 29.

Published in final edited form as: Transl Res. 2017 Jun 15;186:95–111. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.06.004

Table I.

Summary of current in-clinic or investigational therapies for trauma-induced heterotopic ossification

S.No.	Therapy	In-clinic/ investigational	Treatment (T)/ prophylactic (P)	Timing of administration	Side effects/risks	Reference
1	Surgical excision	In-clinic	T	Early and late HO	Recurrence	^125–127
2	Localized radiotherapy (RT)	In-clinic	T, P	Early (POD 1–5)	Bony nonunions, radiation-induced sarcomas	^125–135
3	Corticosteroids	In-clinic (prednisone, dexamethasone)	P	Early (immediately after trauma)	Bony nonunions	^138,139
4	NSAIDs	In-clinic (indomethacin, celecoxib)	P	Early (immediately after trauma)	Bony nonunions, gastric bleeding	^140–143
5	Bisphosphonate	In-clinic	T	Early HO	Upper GI effects, hypocalcemia	^143,145
6	BMP pathway inhibitors	Investigational	P	Early (immediately after trauma)	Some inhibitors myelosuppressive in trauma-induced animal models	^148–150
7	RARg agonist (palovarotene)	Investigational	P	Early (immediately after trauma)	Wound healing complications in trauma-induced animal models	^151,152
8	mTOR pathway inhibitors	Investigational	P	Early (immediately after trauma)		⁶⁶
9	HES (hydroxyethyl starch)	Investigational	P	Early		¹⁵²
10	Pulsed low-intensity electromagnetic field (PLIMF)	Investigational	P	Early		¹⁴³

Abbreviations: BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; POD, postoperative day.