Figure 2.

Ibudilast attenuates doxorubicin‐induced cytotoxicity in NRCMs, and H9c2 and C2C12 myoblasts but does not suppress the anticancer effects of doxorubicin in cancer cell lines. (a) Effect of PDE inhibitors on doxorubicin‐induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cells (n = 5). Cells were treated with or without 10 μM of ibudilast, milrinone, minoxidil, cilostazol, sildenafil, tadalafil, enoximone, and amrinone for 1 hr and then doxorubicin (3 μM) was added for 24 hr. (b) Effect of ibudilast on doxorubicin‐induced atrophy in NRCMs (n = 5). Cells were treated with ibudilast (10 μM) or DMSO (vehicle) for 1 hr and then with doxorubicin (3 μM) for 24 hr. (c) Effects of ibudilast on doxorubicin‐induced atrophy in C2C12 cells (n = 5). Cells were treated with ibudilast (10 μM) or DMSO (vehicle) for 1 hr and then treated with doxorubicin (3 μM) for 24 hr. Scale bar: 100 μm. (d) Effects of ibudilast on the viability of cancer cell lines (4T1, HepG2, and A549 cells) treated with doxorubicin (n = 5). Cells were treated with or without ibudilast (10 μM) for 1 hr and then treated with doxorubicin (3 μM) for 24 hr. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. *P < .05, significantly different as indicated; one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's comparison test