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. 2019 Aug 29;9:12587. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49028-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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FNPs achieve widespread delivery through the SAS within 2 hours of IT administration. (A) Sagittal view of the entire neuraxis showing distribution of FNPs (red) from the olfactory bulb to the sacral spinal cord. (B) FNPs were able to access nearly all CSF exposed tissue, including into the sulci of the cerebellum. Along the spinal column, FNPs distributed around the entire circumference of the spinal cord all the way from the cervical (C) to the sacral (D) regions. Scale bar in B = 500 µm and in C&D = 200 µm.