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. 2019 Aug 29;9:12552. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49056-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TGF-β1 alters the protein expression of HIV-1 restriction factors such as BLIMP-1 and PSIP-1 in NHBE cells. NHBE ALI cultures were treated with recombinant TGF-β1 (or vehicle as control). 48 hours post-treatment, total protein was isolated and quantified by western blot analysis. (a) BLIMP-1 protein levels were significantly higher in TGF-β1 treated NHBE ALI cultures compared to vehicle treated controls. (b) TGF-β1 suppresses PSIP-1 protein levels in NHBE ALI cultures compared to vehicle treated controls. (c) TGF-β1 treatment demonstrates increased HIV integration events in NHBE cells. NHBE ALI cultures were treated with recombinant TGF-β1 (or vehicle as control). 16 hours post-treatment NHBE ALI cultures were infected with 5 ng p24 equivalent of HIV BaL (R5-tropic strain) and the infection was allowed to proceed for an additional 24 hours. Experiments were terminated and genomic DNA was isolated and used to quantitate integrated HIV proviral DNA. n = NHBE ALI cultures from 3 different lungs; *significant (p < 0.05). L = Lung number.