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. 2019 Aug 29;9:12578. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48379-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of abathic-distance-distortion and noisy-path-integration models (a) The abathic distance is shown by the dashed line and arrows show contraction towards this plane. (b) Example of target box locations shifted under the abathic distance model (opaque rectangles show true box positions). (c) Opaque head shows the observer’s true translation, the faded head shows the assumed translation under the noisy-path-integration model. Free parameters control errors in the estimate of translation and orientation on every step. (d) Solid lines show the walking paths of a participant, dotted lines show the misestimated walking path using this model.