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. 2019 Aug 29;9:12495. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48995-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Saliency maps of TP (a), FP (b) and FN (c) image classifications. The outlines represent the regions of interest annotated by the radiologist, and biopsy-confirmed to contain either malignant (blue) or benign (green) tissue. The red dots represent the gradients of the input image with respect to the cancer class output. The gradients were rescaled to be within [0, 1] and a low cutoff of 0.06 was used to remove background noise. Heatmaps (d) of the four non-background classes for input image (a). The colors of the heatmaps represent the activation values after ReLU. This figure is best viewed in color.