Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of enrolled participants
|
Sumba |
Papua |
Pooled sites |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SST (n=337) | IST (n=359) | IPT (n=293) | SST (n=407) | IST (n=495) | IPT (n=388) | SST (n=744) | IST (n=854) | IPT (n=681) | ||
| Maternal age, years | 28·1 (6·1) | 27·8 (5·9) | 28 (6·0) | 26 (6·1) | 25·9 (6·7) | 25·8 (6·0) | 27 (6·2) | 26·7 (6·4) | 26·8 (6·1) | |
| Residence, rural vs semi-urban | 95·0% (320/337) | 91·1% (327/359) | 90·1% (264/293) | 59·2% (241/407) | 67·9% (336/495) | 58·0% (225/388) | 75·4% (561/744) | 77·6% (663/854) | 71·8% (489/681) | |
| Marital status, single*vs married | 62·3% (210/337) | 65·2% (234/359) | 63·1% (185/293) | 34·6% (141/407) | 27·1% (134/495) | 35·3% (137/388) | 47·2% (351/744) | 43·1% (368/854) | 47·3% (322/681) | |
| Used a bednet previous night | 22·3% (75/337) | 25·3% (91/359) | 22·5% (66/293) | 49·4% (201/407) | 45·7% (226/495) | 53·1% (206/388) | 37·1% (276/744) | 37·1% (317/854) | 39·9% (272/681) | |
| Attended school | 91·1% (307/337) | 87·2% (313/359) | 88·1% (258/293) | 86·0% (350/407) | 94·7% (469/495) | 89·4% (347/388) | 88·3% (657/744) | 91·6% (782/854) | 88·8% (605/681) | |
| Schooling level† | ||||||||||
| Low | 22·0% (74/337) | 23·4% (84/359) | 22·9% (67/293) | 22·1% (90/407) | 11·7% (58/495) | 15·5% (60/388) | 22·0% (164/744) | 16·6% (142/854) | 18·6% (127/681) | |
| Medium | 30·9% (104/337) | 25·9% (93/359) | 26·3% (77/293) | 18·2% (74/407) | 16·2% (80/495) | 13·4% (52/388) | 23·9% (178/744) | 20·3% (173/854) | 18·9% (129/681) | |
| High | 21·1% (71/337) | 23·1% (83/359) | 28·0% (82/293) | 22·6% (92/407) | 24·2% (120/495) | 18·8% (73/388) | 21·9% (163/744) | 23·8% (203/854) | 35·8% (244/681) | |
| Highest | 26·1% (88/337) | 27·6% (99/359) | 22·9% (67/293) | 37·1% (151/407) | 47·9% (237/495) | 52·3% (203/388) | 32·1% (239/744) | 39·3% (336/854) | 39·6% (270/681) | |
| Socioeconomic Index score, terciles | ||||||||||
| Low | 34·4% (116/337) | 32·0% (115/359) | 33·4% (98/293) | 43·5% (177/407) | 30·1% (149/495) | 26·8% (104/388) | 39·4% (293/744) | 30·9% (264/854) | 29·7% (202/681) | |
| Medium | 32·6% (110/337) | 33·4% (120/359) | 34·8% (102/293) | 32·4% (132/407) | 33·1% (164/495) | 34·3% (133/388) | 32·5% (242/744) | 33·3% (284/854) | 34·5% (235/681) | |
| High | 32·9% (111/337) | 34·5% (124/359) | 31·7% (93/293) | 24·1% (98/407) | 36·8% (182/495) | 38·9% (151/388) | 28·1% (209/744) | 35·8% (306/854) | 35·8% (244/681) | |
| Pregnancy number, gravidity | ||||||||||
| One | 28·2% (95/337) | 28·7% (103/359) | 28·0% (82/293) | 26·0% (106/407) | 26·5% (131/495) | 29·6% (115/388) | 27·0% (201/744) | 27·4% (234/854) | 28·9% (197/681) | |
| Two | 22·3% (75/337) | 24·0% (86/359) | 20·5% (60/293) | 29·2% (119/407) | 31·5% (156/495) | 29·1% (113/388) | 26·1% (194/744) | 28·3% (242/854) | 25·4% (173/681) | |
| Three or more | 49·6% (167/337) | 47·4% (170/359) | 51·5% (151/293) | 44·7% (182/407) | 42·0% (208/495) | 41·2% (160/388) | 46·9% (349/744) | 44·3% (378/854) | 45·7% (311/681) | |
| Gestational age, weeks | 24·1 (4·6) | 24·1 (4·3) | 24·1 (4·6) | 23·7 (5·3) | 22·8 (5·1) | 23·8 (4·5) | 23·9 (5) | 23·4 (4·8) | 23·9 (4·6) | |
| Weight, kg | 51·9 (7·0) | 51·3 (6·8) | 52·0 (8·1) | 56·7 (5·3) | 56·0 (9·6) | 57·8 (9·4) | 54·5 (8·6) | 54·0 (8·8) | 55·3 (9·3) | |
| Height, cm | 152·4 (5·4) | 152·5 (5·6) | 151·8 (6·3) | 152·7 (5·3) | 152·8 (5·5) | 152·8 (5·3) | 152·6 (5·3) | 152·7 (5·5) | 152·3 (5·8) | |
| Mid-upper arm circumference, cm | 24·6 (2·8) | 24·2 (2·4) | 24·7 (2·7) | 25·3 (3·1) | 25·6 (3·4) | 25·8 (3·2) | 25·0 (3·0) | 25·0 (3·1) | 25·3 (3·0) | |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 11·0 (1·4) | 11·0 (1·6) | 11·1 (1·5) | 11·0 (1·9) | 11·7 (1·8) | 11·4 (1·9) | 11·0 (1·7) | 11·4 (1·8) | 11·3 (1·7) | |
| Plasmodium infection | ||||||||||
| mRDT‡ | 0·3% (1/337) | 0·0% (0/359) | 0·0% (0/2) | 7·4% (30/407) | 3·0% (15/495) | 50·0% (3/6) | 4·2% (31/744) | 1·8% 15/854) | 37·5% (3/8) | |
| Microscopy | 0·6% (2/337) | 0·3% (1/358) | 0·7% (2/293) | 9·1% (37/407) | 3·6% (18/495) | 5·9% (23/387) | 5·2% (39/744) | 2·2% (19/853) | 3·7% (25/680) | |
| LAMP–PCR | 6·5% (22/337) | 2·8% (10/359) | 8·6% (25/290) | 11·8% (48/407) | 5·9% (29/495) | 9·0% (35/387) | 9·4% (70/744) | 4·6% (39/854) | 8·9% (60/677) | |
| Any§ | 6·5% (22/337) | 3·1% (11/359) | 8·5% (25/293) | 17·7% (72/407) | 7·7% (38/495) | 12·1% (47/388) | 12·6% (94/744) | 5·7% (49/854) | 10·6% (72/681) | |
| Infecting species¶ | ||||||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum, mono-infection | 3·3% (11/337) | 1·1% (4/359) | 5·1% (15/292) | 8·1% (33/407) | 4·0% (20/495) | 7·7% (30/388) | 5·9% (44/744) | 2·8% (24/854) | 6·6% (45/680) | |
| Plasmodium vivax, mono-infection | 2·4% (8/337) | 1·7% (6/359) | 2·1% (6/292) | 5·2% (21/407) | 2·4% (12/495) | 1·8% (7/388) | 3·9% (29/744) | 2·1% (18/854) | 1·9% (13/680) | |
| Plasmodium malariae or Plasmodium ovale, mono-infection | 0·0% (0/337) | 0·0% (0/359) | 0·0% (0/292) | 1·0% (4/407) | 0·0% (0/495) | 0·0% (0/388) | 0·5% (4/744) | 0·0% (0/854) | 0·0% (0/680) | |
| Mixed infection | 0·6% (2/337) | 0·3% (1/359) | 0·7% (2/292) | 3·4% (14/407) | 1·2% (6/495) | 2·6% (10/388) | 2·2% (16/744) | 0·8% (7/854) | 1·8% (12/680) | |
Data are mean (SD) or % (n/N). SST=single screen and treatment. IST=intermittent screen and treatment. IPT=intermittent preventive therapy. mRDT=malaria rapid diagnostic test. LAMP=loop-mediated isothermal amplification.
*
Single includes single unmarried participants only as there were no divorced, separated, or widowed participants. In Sumba, many participants were not legally married, but co-habiting with their partner and considered married within their local communities.
†
Low was defined as no schooling or primary school not completed, medium as primary school completed, high as junior high school completed, and highest as senior high school or tertiary education completed.
‡
Data reflect mRDTs done in symptomatic participants in the IPT group and all participants in the SST and IST groups.
§
Includes mRDT results from symptomatic participants and microscopy and LAMP–PCR results from all participants.
¶
Typing was done by PCR; if PCR was not successful, species was based on microscopy.