Table 3.

The Empathy and Stress Levels at Different Educational Year (n=464)

Elements	Value	p-value	Post-hoc analysis
Stress level (PSS; max score=40)		0.011a)
(1) First year	20 (5–36)		(5)<(1), (2), (3)b)
(2) Second year	18 (6–40)
(3) Third year	19 (3–34)
(4) First clinical year	18 (5–33)
(5) Second clinical year	17 (1–35)
Empathy level (JSPE; max score=140)		0.003c)
(6) First year	113.50±10.036		(8)>(6), (9)<(7), (8), (10)d)
(7) Second year	116.03±10.922
(8) Third year	117.49±10.723
(9) First clinical year	112.03±11.251
(10) Second clinical year	116.21±9.577

Data are presented as median (min–max) or mean±standard deviation.

PSS: Perceived Stress Scale, JSPE: Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy.

^a)By Kruskal-Wallis test.

^b)By analysis of variance test.

^c)Post-hoc analysis using Mann-Whitney test; p=0.001, p=0,008, and p=0.014, respectively.

^d)Post-hoc analysis; p=0.007, p=0.015, p=0.001, and p=0.014, respectively.