TABLE 3.

Mechanisms of colistin resistance described in GNB in the Middle East.

Country	Origin	Species	Sequence type	Mechanism of colistin resistance	References
Iran	Clinical samples	A. baumannii		pmrB∗	Haeili et al., 2018
		A. baumannii		pmrA/B∗	Sepahvand et al., 2016
		K. pneumoniae		mgrB∗	Haeili et al., 2017
		P. aeruginosa		MexAB-OprM/MexXY-OprM∗∗	Goli et al., 2016
Lebanon	Clinical samples	K. pneumoniae	ST268	mgrB∗	Okdah et al., 2017
		K. pneumoniae	ST2296	mgrB∗, PhoQ∗
		K. pneumoniae	ST348	pmrA/B∗
	Poultry	E. coli	ST515	mcr-1	Dandachi et al., 2018c
	Swine	E. coli		mcr-1	Dandachi et al., 2018b
Palestine	Clinical samples	K. pneumoniae		mgrB∗	Olaitan et al., 2014a
		K. pneumoniae	ST512, ST76	mgrB∗	Lalaoui et al., 2019
Bahrain	Clinical samples	E. coli	ST648, ST224	mcr-1 on IncI2	Sonnevend et al., 2016
Qatar	Clinical samples	E. coli	ST95	mcr-1 on IncHI2	Forde et al., 2018
United Arab Emirates	Clinical samples	K. pneumoniae	ST147	mgrB∗	Sonnevend et al., 2017a
		E. coli	ST131	mcr-1 on IncI2	Sonnevend et al., 2016
Oman	Clinical samples	E. coli	ST10	mcr-1 on IncI2	Mohsin et al., 2018
KSA	Clinical samples	K. pneumoniae	ST974, ST37, ST709, ST348, ST37	PhoP∗	Uz Zaman et al., 2018
		K. pneumoniae	ST14, ST15, ST16, ST22, ST48, ST101, ST152, ST307	mgrB∗
		K. pneumoniae	ST15	mgrB∗, phoP∗
		E. coli	ST68	mcr-1 on IncHI2	Sonnevend et al., 2016
Egypt	Clinical samples	A. baumannii		pmrCAB∗	Abdulzahra et al., 2018
	Animal	E. coli	ST10	mcr-1	Khalifa et al., 2016
		E. coli O157		mcr-1	Lima Barbieri et al., 2017
		E. coli O158		mcr-1

^∗Mutations. ^∗∗Efflux pump over-expression.