Table 2.

Cox Proportional Hazard model showing the effects of modern contraceptive use and intention and other selected characteristics on child mortality in Ethiopia.

Variables	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P-value
Contraceptive use and intention (Ref: Non-user intends to use later)
Using modern method	0.65	0.45–0.96	0.03*
Does not intend to use	0.93	0.69–1.26	0.66
Age at first birth (Ref: <20)
20+	0.79	0.59–1.06	0.12
Maternal education (Ref: No education)
Primary education	1.17	0.87–1.56	0.31
Secondary/higher	0.77	0.26–2.28	0.63
Marital status (Ref: Married/In union)
Never married	0.36	0.10–1.37	0.13
Widowed/divorced/separated	1.76	1.15–2.69	0.01*
Parity (Ref: 1–2)
3–4	1.39	0.82–2.38	0.95
5+	1.98	0.99–3.99	0.05*
Sex of child (Ref: Female)
Male	1.60	1.25–2.05	0.00**
Birth rank/interval (Ref: 1st birth order)
2nd/3rd birth rank, < 2 years	0.81	0.39–1.65	0.56
2nd/3rd birth rank, < 2 years	0.85	0.46–1.55	0.60
4 + birth rank	0.65	0.29–1.29	0.20
Tetanus vacination (Ref: Never)
One TT	1.17	0.73–1.87	0.51
2 + TT	0.72	0.52–1.01	0.05*
Combined place & mode of delivery (Ref: Health facility with cesarean)
Health facility without cesarean	2.38	1.02–5.54	0.04*
Home	1.47	0.80–2.69	0.21
Previous death of a sibling (Ref: Alive)
Dead	1.14	0.85–1.52	0.38
Antenatal care (Ref: Yes)
No	1.04	0.75–1.45	0.79
Postnatal care (Ref: Yes)
No	1.92	0.98–3.75	0.05*
Water source (Ref: Piped water)
Rain/well/surface water/tanker	1.56	0.95–2.57	0.07*
River/stream/lake/spring	1.51	0.95–2.41	0.07*
Type of residence (Ref: Rural)
Urban	1.37	0.78–2.40	0.28
Region (Ref: Addis Ababa)
Region
Afar	2.02	0.75–5.44	0.16
Amhara	1.43	0.53–3.87	0.48
Ben-Gumuz	1.25	0.46–3.38	0.66
Dire	1.88	0.69–5.11	0.22
Gambella	1.51	0.57–3.96	0.40
Harari	1.45	0.55–3.82	0.45
Oromia	1.89	0.71–5.02	0.20
SNNP	1.74	0.66–4.60	0.27
Somali	1.58	0.59–4.27	0.36
Tigray	1.43	0.55–3.73	0.47

NB: Ref = Reference Category *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001.