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Early intermittent separations diminish subsequent pituitary–adrenal responses to a novel test environment. Posttest plasma levels of cortisol (top panel) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (bottom panel) are presented for previously separated and nonseparated monkeys (n = 9–10 monkeys per condition; mean ± SEM). Asterisks signify a significant (p < .05) separation effect (adapted from data presented in Parker et al., 2004).
