Table 2. Age-Adjusted Prevalence and Adjusted Prevalence Ratio of COPD Among Adults Aged ≥18, by Arthritis Status and Selected Characteristics, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2016a .
| Characteristic | Has Arthritis, % (95% CI)b | Does Not Have Arthritis, % (95% CI)b | Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (95% CI)c |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 13.7 (13.1–14.4) | 3.8 (3.7–3.9) | 1.5 (1.4–1.5) |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 12.7 (11.8–13.7) | 3.7 (3.5–3.9) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) |
| Women | 14.4 (13.7–15.3) | 3.9 (3.8–4.1) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) |
| Age group, y | |||
| 18–44 | 11.5 (10.5–12.7) | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) |
| 45–64 | 15.6 (15.0–16.2) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) |
| 65–74 | 15.3 (14.6–16.1) | 8.1 (7.5–8.6) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| ≥75 | 15.1 (14.2–16.1) | 9.4 (8.7–10.1) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 13.5 (12.8–14.2) | 4.1 (3.9–4.2) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 15.8 (13.7–18.0) | 3.9 (3.5–4.3) | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) |
| Hispanic | 11.6 (9.8–13.6) | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 19.1 (14.9–24.2) | 5.7 (4.5–7.1) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) |
| Asian | —d | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | —d |
| Non-Hispanic other | 19.5 (16.5–22.9) | 7.3 (5.4–9.6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) |
| Education level | |||
| <High school diploma | 23.2 (21.2–25.4) | 6.3 (5.7–6.8) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) |
| High school diploma or GED | 14.2 (13.3–15.3) | 4.7 (4.5–5.0) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) |
| Some college | 13.0 (12.0–14.1) | 3.8 (3.6–4.1) | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) |
| College graduate | 6.6 (5.8–7.5) | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed | 8.6 (7.9–9.3) | 2.6 (2.5–2.8) | 1.8 (1.7–2.0) |
| Unemployed | 17.5 (15.2–20.1) | 5.3 (4.6–6.1) | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) |
| Retired | 11.0 (7.8–15.2) | 4.8 (3.4–6.8) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| Unable to work | 28.0 (25.2–30.9) | 12.6 (11.4–13.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) |
| Other | 11.4 (9.8–13.3) | 3.3 (2.8–4.0) | 1.6 (1.3–2.1) |
| Frequent mental distress | |||
| Yes | 23.2 (21.8–24.6) | 9.6 (8.8–10.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
| No | 10.7 (10.1–11.4) | 3.3 (3.2–3.4) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) |
| Frequent physical distress | |||
| Yes | 23.6 (22.1–25.1) | 11.5 (10.7–12.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) |
| No | 9.6 (9.0–10.3) | 3.1 (2.9–3.2) | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) |
| Leisure-time physical activity in the past 30 days | |||
| Yes | 11.2 (10.5–11.9) | 3.0 (2.9–3.2) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) |
| No | 18.8 (17.5–20.2) | 6.2 (5.9–6.6) | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current smokers | 25.8 (24.4–27.2) | 9.7 (9.2–10.2) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) |
| Former smokers | 14.3 (12.3–16.5) | 5.1 (4.7–5.4) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| Never smoked | 7.6 (6.9–8.3) | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) |
| Short sleep duration (<7 hours in 24-hour period) | |||
| Yes | 17.7 (16.6–18.7) | 4.9 (4.7–5.2) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) |
| No | 9.8 (9.2–10.4) | 3.2 (3.1–3.4) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 23.7 (19.9–27.9) | 8.1 (6.8–9.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 12.9 (11.8–14.0) | 3.6 (3.4–3.9) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 11.5 (10.4–12.7) | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 15.3 (14.3–16.5) | 4.8 (4.5–5.1) | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) |
| Excessive alcohol drinking | |||
| Yes | 11.4 (10.5–12.3) | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) |
| No | 14.4 (13.7–15.2) | 4.0 (3.9–4.2) | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) |
| Asthma status | |||
| Current asthma | 34.5 (32.8–36.4) | 16.2 (15.4–17.2) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| History of asthma only | 18.8 (16.2–21.6) | 8.1 (7.1–9.2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) |
| No asthma | 8.6 (8.0–9.2) | 2.7 (2.6–2.8) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The final unweighted sample size (n = 408,774) was obtained from 486,303 interviewed adults aged ≥18 years and excluded respondents with a missing value for age, COPD, arthritis, risk behaviors, or health-related quality of life.
Age-adjusted percentages and 95% CIs were standardized to the 2000 projected US population except among age groups.
Adjusted prevalence ratio and 95% CIs were obtained from a multivariable logistic regression model including age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, employment status, risk behaviors (smoking status, excessive alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI category, sleep duration), and other conditions (frequent mental distress, frequent physical distress, asthma status, and arthritis status).
Unreliable estimate because relative standard error was >0.3 or n <50.