Table 3.
Independent t tests and chi-square tests of sociodemographic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and home environment characteristics of participants by cluster (N=496).
| Variable | Less healthy/inactive moms (n=280) | Health conscious/active moms (n=216) | t 494 | χ21 | P | |||||||
| Sociodemographic characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Age, mean (SD) | 32.67 (5.57) | 31.97 (5.81) | 1.36 |
|
.17 | ||||||
|
|
Black or African American, non-Hispanic, n (%) | 24 (8.6) | 23 (10.7) |
|
0.6 | .43 | ||||||
|
|
White, non-Hispanic, n (%) | 216 (77.1) | 144 (66.7) |
|
6.7 | .01 | ||||||
|
|
Low education attainment (some college or less; % yes), n (%) | 158 (56.4) | 143 (66.2) |
|
4.9 | .03 | ||||||
|
|
Maternal employment, n (%) |
|
|
|
6.5 | .01 | ||||||
|
|
|
Do not work | 167 (59.6) | 104 (48.2) |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
Part- or full-time work | 113 (40.4) | 112 (51.9) |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Number of children in household, mean (SD) | 2.14 (0.91) | 2.30 (1.13) | –1.77 |
|
.08 | ||||||
|
|
Family affluence score, mean (SD) | 5.48 (1.58) | 5.73 (1.55) | –1.73 |
|
.00 | ||||||
|
|
Food insecurity risk, mean (SD) | 1.99 (1.96) | 2.00 (1.80) | –0.09 |
|
.93 | ||||||
| Health-related assessments |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Body mass index (BMI), mean (SD) | 28.52 (8.46) | 26.41 (6.71) | 3.11 |
|
.002 | ||||||
|
|
Waist circumference, mean (SD) | 35.81 (7.79) | 33.38 (6.63) | 3.74 |
|
<.001 | ||||||
|
|
Child BMI percentile (n=446),a mean (SD) | 61.27 (34.33) | 66.71 (35.28) | –1.63 |
|
.10 | ||||||
|
|
General health status,b mean (SD) | 2.65 (0.83) | 2.25 (0.86) | –5.21 |
|
<.001 | ||||||
|
|
Depression severity, mean (SD) | 1.13 (1.48) | 0.98 (1.45) | 1.08 |
|
.28 | ||||||
|
|
Body dissatisfaction, mean (SD) | 2.73 (1.11) | 2.37 (1.09) | 3.64 |
|
<.001 | ||||||
|
|
Primary relative with history of obesity (% yes), n (%) | 118 (42.2) | 63 (29.2) |
|
8.9 | .003 | ||||||
| Intrapersonal characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Maternal weight-related behaviors |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Physical activity level,c mean (SD) | 10.83 (8.19) | 21.37 (8.64) | –13.87 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Screen time,cmean (SD) | 306.8 (174.8) | 311.53 (185.09) | –0.29 |
|
.77 | |||||
|
|
|
|
<4 hours/day, n (%) | 105 (37.50) | 81 (37.50) |
|
0 | >.99 | ||||
|
|
|
Sleep duration, mean (SD) | 6.99 (1.36) | 7.02 (1.62) | –0.24 |
|
.81 | |||||
|
|
|
Sleep quality, mean (SD) | 3.13 (0.89) | 3.40 (0.89) | –3.39 |
|
.001 | |||||
|
|
Maternal dietary intake |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Fruit and vegetable (servings/day),c mean (SD) | 3.16 (1.23) | 6.38 (1.78) | –22.73 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
|
≥5 servings/day, n (%) | 9 (3.2) | 175 (81.0) |
|
316.3 | <.001 | ||||
|
|
|
Milk (servings/day), mean (SD) | 3.06 (2.93) | 4.96 (2.89) | –7.20 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Sugar-sweetened beveragec (servings/day), mean (SD) | 0.76 (0.71) | 0.99 (0.98) | –2.89 |
|
.004 | |||||
|
|
|
|
<1 serving/day, n (%) | 165 (58.9) | 121 (56.0) |
|
0.4 | .52 | ||||
|
|
Maternal eating styles, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Disinhibited eating | 1.94 (0.71) | 1.97 (0.81) | –0.34 |
|
.74 | |||||
|
|
|
Emotional eating | 2.14 (0.88) | 1.97 (0.87) | 2.12 |
|
.04 | |||||
|
|
|
Dietary restraint eating | 2.36 (0.72) | 2.53 (0.75) | –2.53 |
|
.01 | |||||
|
|
Maternal self-perceptions, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Personal organization (self-effectiveness) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.82 (0.80) | –3.65 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Need for cognition | 3.29 (0.98) | 3.75 (0.92) | –5.34 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Parenting self-efficacy | 3.99 (0.82) | 4.23 (0.75) | –3.42 |
|
.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Stress management | 3.87 (0.81) | 4.02 (0.70) | –2.12 |
|
.03 | |||||
|
|
|
Stress management self-efficacy | 2.49 (0.98) | 2.81 (1.01) | –3.48 |
|
.001 | |||||
|
|
Health behavior values, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Importance of physical activity for self | 3.17 (0.95) | 3.92 (0.79) | –9.60 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Importance of physical activity for child | 3.63 (0.86) | 4.10 (0.79) | –6.30 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Encourages/facilitates child physical activity | 4.10 (0.66) | 4.40 (0.62) | –5.06 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Importance of modeling physical activity to child | 3.93 (0.84) | 4.41 (0.68) | –7.07 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Engages in physical activity with child frequently | 3.06 (1.71) | 4.40 (1.73) | –8.59 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Models physical activity to child frequently | 2.69 (1.17) | 3.59 (1.07) | –8.86 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Less frequency of modeling sedentary behaviors | 2.81 (2.27) | 2.87 (2.11) | –0.293 |
|
.770 | |||||
| Social environment |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Family meal patterns, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Family meal frequency/week | 13.04 (5.20) | 14.67 (4.49) | –3.73 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Importance of family meals | 4.48 (0.62) | 4.61 (0.61) | –2.38 |
|
.02 | |||||
|
|
|
Positive family meal atmosphere | 4.05 (0.84) | 4.23 (0.86) | –2.33 |
|
.02 | |||||
|
|
Family functioning and maternal engagement, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Family support for healthy behaviors | 4.47 (0.55) | 4.31 (0.92) | 2.22 |
|
.03 | |||||
|
|
|
Family conflict | 1.88 (0.88) | 1.81 (0.94) | 0.87 |
|
.38 | |||||
|
|
|
Family cohesion | 4.07 (0.75) | 4.29 (0.66) | –3.52 |
|
<.001 | |||||
| Home physical environment |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
Home environment: physical activity, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Physical activity availability | 3.63 (0.73) | 3.96 (0.54) | –5.85 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Physical activity accessibility (n=524) | 4.14 (1.21) | 4.37 (0.99) | –2.28 |
|
.02 | |||||
|
|
Media devices in the home, mean (SD) | 11.36 (4.02) | 11.57 (4.23) | –0.56 |
|
.57 | ||||||
|
|
|
Daily screen time child allowed | 557.09 (840.51) | 380.14 (469.98) | 2.97 |
|
.003 | |||||
|
|
Home environment: food availability, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
Household fruit and vegetable availability (serving/person/day) | 5.59 (2.28) | 7.48 (2.23) | –9.25 |
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
Household fatty/salty snack availability (serving/person/day) | 7.41 (6.37) | 9.52 (8.03) | –3.17 |
|
.002 | |||||
|
|
|
Household sugar-sweetened beverage availability (serving/person/day) | 1.65 (1.55) | 2.07 (2.02) | –2.55 |
|
.01 | |||||
aTotal children with biologically plausible data reported by mother (n=446; poor health/inactive moms: n=256, health conscious/active moms: n=190).
bHigher scores indicate poorer general health status.
cVariable included in cluster analysis.