Table 2.
Peptide-containing biomaterials as therapeutic agents for tissue and organ repair of cornea, skin, and heart tissues.
| Peptide sequence | Tissue/Organ | Functional effect | Specific cell receptor | Delivery System | In vitro or In vivo test | Main findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CG(PKG)4(POG)4(DOG)4, with O being hydroxyproline | Cornea | Corneal implant promoting cell and nerve regeneration | – | Self-assembly | Collagenase Cell proliferation In vivo biocompatibility by subcutaneous implantation Corneal implantation (pigs) In vitro toxicology, biocompatibility, metabolic activity, live/dead, DSC | Corneal implant was compatible for transplantation showing cell and nerve regeneration | Islam et al., 2016 Jangamreddy et al., 2018 |
| YIGSR | Promotes epithelial cell growth and neurite extension | Epithelial cells | Hydrogel | In vitro characterization (cell layers and thickness, nerve density, IR spectroscopy), immunohistochemistry, regeneration, corneal touch sensitivity | Overall corneal regeneration including nerve regeneration | Li et al., 2003 | |
| Q11 (Ac- QQKFQFQFEQQ-Am) | Skin | Wound healing in strong immune response | dermal | Wound closure, type of cell recruitment in mice with strong immune response | Immunogenic peptides do not delay healing, even in mice with heightened immune response | Vigneswaran et al., 2016 | |
| KGF–ELP | Chronic wound healing | KGF receptor | Fibrin hydrogel vehicle | Characterization (DLS, TEM), cell proliferation, full thickness wound healing | Enhanced granulation and reepithelialization | Koria et al., 2011 | |
| Pexiganan Acetate GIGKFLKKAKKFGKAFVKILKK | Antibacterial properties | Disturbs membrane permeability | Topical | MIC against gram-negative and positive bacteria, anaerobes, in vivo antibacterial activity, short term tolerability tests | Indication: infected diabetic foot ulcers, similar efficacy to ofloxacin | Lamb and Wiseman, 1998 | |
| HBPA (palmitoyl–AAAAGGGLRKKLGKA) | Increased angiogenesis | VEGF and FGF-2 | Gel administered subcutaneously | Subcutaneous implantation, histological and morphological analysis of wound site, skinfold chamber model, in vivo microscopy, microcirculatory analysis | Increased angiogenesis, including de novo angiogenesis | Ghanaati et al., 2009 | |
| RADA16-I, [COCH3]-RADARADARADARADA-[CONH2] with EGF | Improved would healing | Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Topical | In vitro human skin equivalent wound healing model, proliferation assay, apoptosis assay, Histological analysis | Epithelialization and wound healing are accelerated with EGF and RADA-16, as opposed to RADA-16 alone | Schneider et al., 2008 | |
| RADA16-GG-RGDS and RADA16-GG-FPGERGVEGPGP | Improved cell migration | Keratinocytes and fibroblasts | Hydrogel | In vivo analysis, including SEM of cells with SAP, cell proliferation, cell migration | Improved cellular migration | Bradshaw et al., 2014 | |
| (RADA)4 | Heart | Self-assembling | Nanofiber | Rat MI model | Improved Angiogenesis | Dubois et al., 2008 | |
| (RADA)4-LRKKLGKA | Self-assembling heparin-binding sequence | Nanofiber with VEGF | Rat MI model | Improved Angiogenesis Improved Left ventricle contraction Decrease Fibrosis and Left ventricle remodeling | Guo et al., 2012 | ||
| (RARADADA)2 | Self-assembling | IFG-1 bound nanofiber with CMs | Rat MI model | Improved Cell survival Improved Left ventricle contraction Decrease cardiac remodeling | Davis et al., 2006 | ||
| Self-assembling | Dissolved in solution with MNCs | Porcine MI model | Improved Angiogenesis, Cell survival, and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced ventricular remodeling | Lin et al., 2010, 2015 | |||
| Self-assembling | Nanofiber with VEGF | Rat MI model Porcine MI model | Improved Angiogenesis Left ventricle contraction. Reduced ventricular remodeling | Lin et al., 2012 | |||
| Self-assembling | PDGF bound nanofiber | Rat MI model | Improved Angiogenesis, Cell survival and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced ventricular remodeling | Hsieh et al., 2006a,b | |||
| Self-assembling | Dissolved in solution with ADSCs | Rat MI model | Improved Angiogenesis, Cell survival and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced ventricular remodeling | Kim et al., 2017 | |||
| Self-assembling | SDF-1 bound nanofiber | Rat MI model | Increases EPC recruitment, Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction | Segers et al., 2007 | |||
| Self-assembling heparin-binding sequence | Nanofiber with MSCs | Rat MI model | Increases cell survival, Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction | Cui et al., 2010 | |||
| (RARADADA)2-CDDYYYGFGCNKFCRPR(Notch ligand Jagged-1) | Self-assembling Cell adhesion sequence | Hydrogel with CACs | Rat MI model | Increases cell survival and Left ventricle contraction. Decreases ventricular remodeling | Boopathy et al., 2014 | ||
| AAAAGGGEIKVAV(peptide amphiphile)-YIGSR AAAAGGGEIKVAV(peptide amphiphile)-KKKKK | Self-assembling EC adhesive ligand NO producing donor | Nanofiber | N/A | Increases EPC viability and differentiation | Andukuri et al., 2013 | ||
| Heparin-AAAAGGGEIKVAV(peptide amphiphile) | Self-assembling | VEGF/bFGF bound nanofiber | Mouse MI model | Increases Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction | Webber et al., 2010a | ||
| VVAGEGDKS | Glycosaminoglycan mimetic | Nanofiber | Rat MI model | Increases Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction | Rufaihah et al., 2017 | ||
| AcSDKP(Thymosinβ4) | Angiogenic | Collagen-chitosan hydrogel | Rat MI model | Increases Angiogenesis and cell survival. Reduces ventricular remodeling | Chiu et al., 2012 | ||
| KAFDITYVRLKF-AcSDKP(Thymosinβ4) | Proangiogenic Anti-inflammatory | Collagen hydrogel | Mouse subcutaneous implant | Increases Angiogenesis. Reduces Inflammation | Zachman et al., 2013 | ||
| RGD | Cell adhesion sequence | Alginate microsphere with MSCs | Rat MI model | Improved Angiogenesis, Cell survival, and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced ventricular remodeling | Yu et al., 2010 | ||
| RGD | Cell adhesion sequence | Alginate scaffold | Rat MI model | Improved Angiogenesis and Left ventricle function | Yu et al., 2009 | ||
| RGDfK | Cell adhesion sequence | Alginate scaffold with MSCs | Rat MI model | Improved Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction | Sondermeijer et al., 2017 | ||
| RGDS-AAAAGGGEIKVAV(peptide amphiphile) | Cell adhesion sequence Self-assembling | Subcutaneous injection with MNCs | Mouse | Improved Cell survival | Webber et al., 2010c | ||
| RGDSP-(RADA)4 | Cell adhesion sequence Self-assembling | Dissolved in solution with MCSCs | Rat MI model | Improved Cell survival and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced fibrosis | Guo et al., 2010 | ||
| GGGGRGDY | Cell adhesion sequence | Alginate scaffold | N/A | Improved NRVM contractility and viability | Shachar et al., 2011 | ||
| GRGDS | Cell adhesion sequence | Collagen hydrogel | N/A | Improved NRVM contractility and viability | Schussler et al., 2009 | ||
| QHREDGS | Cell adhesion sequence | Collagen-chitosan scaffold | N/A | Improved EC survival and tube formation | Miklas et al., 2013 | ||
| Cell adhesion sequence | Collagen-chitosan scaffold | N/A | Improved NRVM survival | Reis et al., 2012 | |||
| Cell adhesion sequence | Azidobenzoic acid-chitosan scaffold | N/A | Improved NRVM survival | Rask et al., 2010 | |||
| Cell adhesion sequence | Collagen-chitosan hydrogel | Rat MI model | Improved Cell survival and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced ventricular remodeling | Reis et al., 2015 | |||
| WKYMVm | Formyl peptide receptor 2 agonist | Dissolved in solution | Mouse MI model | Improved Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced fibrosis | Heo et al., 2017 | ||
| KPVSLSYRCPCRFFESHPPLKWIQEYLEKALN | SDF-1a analog | Dissolved in solution | Mouse MI model | Improved Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction | Hiesinger et al., 2011 | ||
| YPHIDSLGHWRR | 78kDa Glucose-regulated protein receptor's ligand | Chitosan hydrogel | Rat MI model | Improved, Cell survival, Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced ventricular remodeling | Shu et al., 2015 | ||
| MHSPGAD | Stem cell recruitment | Collagen hydrogel | Mouse MI model | Improved Angiogenesis and Left ventricle contraction. Reduced fibrosis and ventricular remodeling | Zhang et al., 2019 |