Figure 5.

Staining normalization scheme. First, a target or template image is selected to extract its staining concentrations. With brightness normalization, the images are less dependent regarding brightness. Therefore, brightness standardization is done by modifying the luminosity channel in the LAB color space such that at least 5% of the pixels are white. Then, the staining concentration matrix from the brightness-corrected template image is extracted using the Macenko method (Macenko et al., 2009). Finally, all the images in the dataset are normalized using the fixed template staining (*indicates pixelwise multiplication with the template).