Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population based on medical records and questionnaires
| Baseline characteristic | EPE-positive (n=81) | EPE-negative (n=62) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, median years (range) | 69 (19–87) | 66 (31–86) |
| Female sex (%) | 51 (63) | 41 (66) |
| Original culture positive for EPE, source (%) | ||
| Urine | 66 (81) | 40 (65) |
| Blood1 | 7 (9) | 3 (5) |
| Rectal | 8 (10) | 19 (30) |
| Duration of known carriage, median months (range) | 7 (3–108) | 8 (3–56) |
| History of any EPE infection (%) | ||
| Yes | 72 (89) | 44 (71) |
| No, ie, colonization | 9 (11) | 18 (29) |
| EPE infection and/or colonization prior to January 2016 (%) | 14 (17) | 6 (10) |
| Urological intervention within 6 months2 (%) | 29 (36) | 7 (11) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) |
| Inpatient hospital care within 2 years3 (%) | 44 (54) | 26 (42) |
| Urinary catheter or clean intermittent catheterization (%) | 9 (11) | 2 (3) |
| Antibiotic treatment within 2 years4 (%) | 69 (85) | 53 (85) |
| Overall medications (%) | ||
| No medication | 14 (17) | 13 (21) |
| 1 or 2 medications | 15 (19) | 19 (31) |
| 3 or more medications | 52 (64) | 30 (48) |
| Ongoing proton pump inhibitor treatment (%) | 18 (22) | 11 (18) |
| Ongoing immunosuppressive treatment5 (%) | 4 (5) | 3 (5) |
Notes: All data were collected at the time of inclusion, ie, when fecal culture was obtained. 1If positive in both blood and urine, only blood was chosen. 2Minor or major invasive procedure on bladder, prostate and/or kidney and cystoscopy. 3In Sweden and/or internationally. 4Any systemic antibiotic. 5Including any dosage of corticosteroids and/or methotrexate. All percentages are rounded up to the nearest integer.
Abbreviations: ESBL, extended spectrum β-lactamase; EPE, extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae.