Table 2.
Variable | EPE-positive (n=76) | EPE-negative (n=67) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age >70 years | 32 | 19 | 0.115 |
Female sex | 50 | 45 | 1.000 |
Escherichia coli1 | 73 | 61 | 0.149 |
ESBL phenotype A1 | 71 | 60 | 0.229 |
Bacteria resistant to Ciprofloxacin and/or Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole1 | 62 | 51 | 0.538 |
Isolate in urine1 | 57 | 36 | 0.009 |
History of EPE infection | 60 | 40 | 0.007 |
Carriage prior to January 2016 | 12 | 6 | 0.218 |
Urological intervention within 6 months2 | 26 | 6 | 0.000 |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 0 | 2 | 0.218 |
Charlson comorbidity index >0 | 39 | 26 | 0.131 |
Inpatient hospital care within 2 years3 | 37 | 29 | 0.506 |
Urinary catheter or clean intermittent catheterization | 7 | 1 | 0.066 |
Antibiotic use within 2 years4 | 60 | 52 | 1.000 |
Overall drug treatment >0 | 57 | 53 | 0.699 |
Proton pump inhibitor treatment | 15 | 12 | 0.831 |
Immunosuppressive treatment5 | 3 | 3 | 1.000 |
Travel to Africa and/or Asia within 2 years# | 15 | 26 | 0.020 |
Abdominal pain and/or altered bowel habits# | 23 | 27 | 0.358 |
Domestic animal# | 20 | 22 | 0.570 |
Currently working# | 22 | 24 | 0.454 |
>1 person in household# | 50 | 42 | 0.275 |
Known carrier of EPE in household6# | 2 | 2 | 1.000 |
Vegetarian# | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Post-secondary education# | 33 | 32 | 1.000 |
Notes: Statistical analysis using Fisher’s exact test with exact 2-sided significance. A P-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. All data were collected originating at time of inclusion, ie, when fecal culture was collected, except 1 which denotes original EPE-positive culture. 2Minor or major invasive procedure on bladder, prostate and/or kidney and cystoscopy. 3Both in Sweden and internationally. 4Any systemic antibiotic. 5Including any dosage of corticosteroids or methotrexate. 6Other than patient included in the study. All calculations are based on the weighted data. All counts are rounded to the nearest integer. Due to rounding, there are small variations in the number of patients included in each test. All percentages are rounded up to the nearest integer. #Based on the total number of questionnaire responses according to Table S3. In this article, a P-value of ≤0.05 highlighted in bold was considered significant.
Abbreviations: ESBL, extended spectrum β-lactamase; EPE, extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae.