Table 2.
Reviewed field studies on bacterial larvicides tested in sub-Saharan Africa, including information on study areas, survey periods, larval habitats and their associated malaria vectors
| Study site | Settings | Survey period | Malaria vector | Habitat types | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highland, Madagascar | Rural | Jan 1991–Mar 1992; Jan 1993–Mar 1994 | An. arabiensis | Pools, ditches, rice fields | [25, 82] |
| Cove, Benin | Rural | Nov 2011–Dec 2011 | An. gambiae | Rice fields | [75] |
| Mbita, Kenya | Rural | Jun 2002–Sep 2004 | An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus | Rock pools, ditches, puddles, swamps, cement lined pits, burrow pits, footprints, tyre tracks | [49]a |
| Vihiga and Kericho, Kenya | Rural | Apr 2008–Mar 2009 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Pools, ditches, hoof prints, erosion pits | [76] |
| Floodplains of the River Gambia, Gambia | Rural | Aug 2005–Nov 2005; May 2006–Nov 2007 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Rice fields, pools, flood water areas, swamps | [50, 69] |
| Muheza, Tanzania | Rural | Oct 1990–Dec 1990 | An. funestus | Pools in blocked streams | [26] |
| Mvomero, Tanzania | Rural | May 2006–Jul 2008; Mar 2012–May 2013 | An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus | Ditches, rice fields, puddles, road side canals, swamps, river/stream bed pools, ponds, wetlands, cement lined tanks, streams, wells | [23, 87] |
| Kotiokh, Senegal | Rural | Not stated | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Ponds | [83] |
| Vihiga and Kakamega, Kenya | Rural | Jul 2005–Jan 2007; May 2010–Oct 2010; Feb 2011–Apr 2011; Jan 2016–May 2016 | An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus | Drainage canals, abandoned gold mines, ponds, fish ponds, road side canals | [10, 24, 47, 48, 86] |
| Tiémélékro, Côte d’Ivoire | Rural | Dec 2005–Jul 2006 | An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus | Not specified | [85] |
| Bobirwa, Botswana; Buhera, Zimbabwe | Rural | Jun 2015–Sep 2015; Aug 2012–Oct 2013 | An. arabiensis | Riverbed pools/drains, hoof prints | [79, 81] |
| Anseba, Gash-Barka, Debub and North Red Sea zones, Eritrea | Rural | Not stated | An. arabiensis | Pools, canals, swamps, dams, stream bed pools, wells, ponds | [88, 89] |
| Chikhwawa, Malawi | Rural | May 2016–April 2018 | Not stated | Not stated | [90] |
| Nouna, Burkina Faso | Rural | 2013–2015 | An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus | Rice fields, ponds, brickworks | [61] |
| Maroua, Cameroon | Urban | Feb 1992–Nov 1993 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Ditches, puddles | [18] |
| Cotonou, Benin | Urban | May 2007–Jul 2008 | Anopheles spp. | Pools | [22] |
| Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | Urban | Mar 2006–Apr 2014 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Ditches, rice paddies, puddles, swamps, water storage containers, construction pits, ponds, riverbeds, habitats associated with urban agriculture, drains, mangrove swamps | [32, 60, 91]a |
| Kinshasa, Zaireb | Urban | Oct 1989–Jan 1990; May 1991–Sep 1991 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Irrigation ponds, rice fields, swamps | [51, 78] |
| Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso | Urban | Jul 1985–Sep 1985; | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Ponds | [20] |
| Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso | Urban | Jul 1984–Aug 1984; 1996–1997 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Pools, rain puddles | [27, 70] |
| Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso | Urban | Jul 1999–Oct 2000 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Rain puddles | [84] |
| Dakar, Senegal | Urban | Jan 2012–Dec 2012 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Rain puddles | [74] |
| Malindi, Kenya | Urban | Jun 2006–Dec 2007 | An. gambiae (s.l.) | Unused swimming pools, drainage, puddles, swamps, water tank/trough, wells, ponds, manholes, car tracks, cesspits | [77, 80] |
| Lusaka, Zambia | Urban | June 2011–Aug 2011 | An. gambiae (s.l.); An. funestus | Dams, marshes, ponds, streams | [19] |
| Kilosa, Tanzania | Rural | Feb 2016–Mar 2016 | – | Rice fields | [30] |
Note: All studies were operational research in design except studies marked with “a” were large-scale control programmes
bZaire: now The Democratic Republic of the Congo