Table 5:
Timeline of Interventions against complement injury in xenotransplantation models (in vitro and in vivo)136,173,174
| Time | Intervention | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | CVF (cobra venom factor) | ||||||
| 1991 | hDAF protein | sCR1 | |||||
| 1992 | Serine protease inhibitor | FUT-175 | K76-COOH | C1INH | hDAF, hMCP transgenes in pigs | sCD59 | |
| 1993 | Dextran sulfate | ||||||
| 1994 | C1INH + heparin | CD59 transgene in pig | |||||
| 1995 | C5 mAb | ||||||
| 1996 | sCD46 | sCD35 and sCD55 | CD59 transgene + sCR1+ C1INH | ||||
| 1997 | IVIG (Intravenous immunoglobulin) | C3 Ab | |||||
| 1998 | PI‐anchored‐C4BP | ||||||
| 1999 | Compstatin (C3 antibody) | PI‐anchored‐factor H | |||||
| 2001 | Soluble Thrombomodulin (TBM) | ||||||
| 2002 | Melagatran | ||||||
| 2004 | PI‐anchored‐factor I | ||||||
| 2009 | hTBM + hDAF + hCD59 transgenes in pigs | Activated protein C | |||||
| 2013 | C5 Ab | ||||||
| 2015 | Cp40 (Compstatin analog) | ||||||
| 2017 | CHC (Corline Heparin Conjugate) | ||||||
Abbreviations: sCR1= soluble complement receptor 1; (s = soluble); FUT-175 = Nafamstat mesilate (synthesized low-molecular-weight protease inhibitor); K76-COOH = Oxidation of the natural product of Stachybotrys complementi, nov. sp. K-76, yielded K-76 COOH, which has complement inhibitory activity; PI‐anchored‐C4BP = consisting of a short consensus repeat 1–8 of the alpha-chain of C4bp and a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) of decay-accelerating factor (CD55).