Figure 2.

Schematic representations of the open-loop and closed-loop cardiovascular system models. The open-loop model directly prescribes the preload and afterload boundary conditions. The closed-loop model is used to study specific conditions such as high pulmonary vascular resistance. The systemic circulation includes left atrium (LA), left ventricular (LV), systemic arteries (sa), systemic arterial tree (st), and systemic veins (sv). The pulmonary circulation includes the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), pulmonary arteries (pa), pulmonary artery tree (pt), and pulmonary vein (pv). The model consists of various compliant (C), resistive (R), and inertial (L) elements. Additional details can be found in previous publications (12,14).