Table 1.

Baseline hemodynamic parameters for four simulation conditions: healthy, heart failure (HF), heart failure with continuous flow (CF) support modeled as an axial flow pump at 9,000 rpm, and heart failure with 30 ml TORVAD counterpulse support. Note that the cardiac output increases from 3.8 to 5.3 L/min with both CF and TORVAD support, even though the VAD flow rate is 4.9 L/min for the CF device and only 2.7 L/min for the TORVAD counterpulse device. This is because counterpulse support preserves 2.6 L/min of aortic valve flow by ventricular contraction, while the CF device pumps during systole and therefore diminishes aortic valve flow to 0.4 L/min.

	HR	CO	QVAD	QAO	MAP	LVESV	SW	SVR	PVR
Condition		L/min	L/min	L/min	mmhg	ml	mmHg ml	mmHg s/ml	mmHg s /ml
Healthy	70	5.6	-	5.6	90	92	7768	0.895	0.045
Heart Failure (HF)	90	3.8	-	3.8	70	182	2682	1.010	0.045
HF+CF (9kpm)	90	5.3	4.9	0.4	75	157	2008	0.760	0.045
HF+TORVAD Counterpulse	90	5.3	2.7	2.6	75	164	1859	0.760	0.045

HR heart rate, CO cardiac output, QVAD ventricular assist device mean flow rate, QAO mean flow rate through the aortic valve, MAP mean arterial pressure, LVESV left ventricular end systolic volume, SW stroke work, SVR systemic vascular resistance, PVR pulmonary vascular resistance