Table 2.

The PEI score and EQ-5D utility based on demographic characteristics

	EQ-5D utility			EQ-5D VAS			PEI score
Mean	sd	p-value	Mean	sd	p-value	Mean	sd	p-value
Overall	0.92	0.13		73.26	14.08		37.02	16.14
Gender
Male	0.93	0.12	<0.01	73.28	13.85	0.97	32.75	16.60	<0.05
Female	0.91	0.13		73.24	14.27		38.03	15.72
Age group (18–80)
18–34	0.93	0.14	0.78	73.07	15.05	0.98	45.87	15.0	<0.001
35–44	0.91	0.14		72.90	15.18		40.63	15.89
45–54	0.92	0.13		73.79	14.52		37.59	15.17
55–64	0.92	0.10		73.12	12.84		33.83	15.04
>65	0.91	0.14		73.35	12.73		26.84	14.04
Education
No education/ Primary	0.90	0.15	<0.05	72.58	15.23	0.99	25.72	14.06	<0.001
Secondary	0.91	0.15		73.39	12.94		32.37	15.12
Post-secondary	0.92	0.12		73.93	13.32		38.06	14.49
Tertiary or above	0.93	0.09		72.66	15.28		45.31	15.22
Receive government allowance
Yes	0.86	0.16	<0.05	71.23	17.05	0.32	28.79	15.44	<0.001
No	0.92	0.12		73.46	13.75		37.83	15.99
Current living status
Live alone	0.91	0.12	0.79	73.66	12.56	0.82	31.74	13.82	<0.01
Live with family/ others	0.92	0.13		73.26	14.22		37.47	16.23
Marriage
Single	0.93	0.09	0.71	71.98	14.48	0.29	41.53	16.27	<0.01
Married	0.92	0.14		73.74	14.11		35.85	15.91
Divorce	0.91	0.11		72.63	13.16		34.09	12.51
Widow	0.90	0.13		73.91	10.66		28.62	15.21
Current working status
Retired	0.92	0.13	0.25	75.04	13.23	0.38	29.86	15.31	<0.001
Unemployment	0.91	0.10		69.80	16.92		34.30	18.48
Employment	0.92	0.11		73.41	13.89		39.27	15.67
Housewife	0.90	0.17		71.44	14.52		36.41	15.75
Full time student	0.93	0.11		74.88	14.56		43.33	15.76
Having chronic condition
Yes	0.92	0.13	0.39	73.13	13.89	0.56	35.97	16.31	<0.01
No	0.92	0.10		73.83	14.38		40.07	15.37
Caregiver
Yes	0.85	0.24	0.59	74.64	15.51	0.63	38.08	24.73	0.89
No	0.92	0.12		73.20	14.02		36.89	15.70