Table 1:
Snacking Patterns by Age, Gender, and Ethnicity
| Gender | Ethnicity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys (N=639) | Girls (N=547) | P-value | Non-Hispanic White (N=418) | Non-Hispanic Black (N=494) | Hispanic (N=220) | Significant group comparisons† | |
| Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | |||
| 12-to-24 months (N=769) | |||||||
| Total daily energy intake (Kcal/day) | 1066.39(373.75) | 1003.49(377.34) | 0.021 | 1002.74(301.9) | 1178.44(402.42) | 917.83(377.14) | Black>White, Black>Hispanic* |
| Snacking frequency /day | 2.68(1.61) | 2.55(1.47) | 0.244 | 2.74(1.54) | 2.47(1.32) | 2.52(1.68) | NS‡ |
| Snack energy (Kcal/day) | 306.58(206.65) | 282.48(194.59) | 0.099 | 270.31(166.28) | 334.44(216.93) | 274.05(214.68) | Black>White, Black> Hispanic* |
| Snack Fat (g/day) | 10.49(9.03) | 10.23(8.36) | 0.681 | 10(7.73) | 11.91(9.42) | 8.57(8.53) | Black>Hispanic* |
| Snack Carbohydrate (g/day) | 44.92(30.3) | 39.79(28.89) | 0.017 | 37.45(24.19) | 48.26(31.85) | 41.64(32.58) | Black>White* |
| Snack Protein (g/day) | 9.58(8.17) | 9.04(7.16) | 0.342 | 8.93(6.68) | 9.77(7.8) | 9.27(8.96) | NS |
| Snack Sugar (g/day) | 29.51(21.12) | 26.21(19.89) | 0.027 | 24.5(17.82) | 31.27(20.76) | 28.3(23.44) | Black>White* |
| Snack Fruit (cup/day) | 0.54(0.89) | 0.42(0.7) | 0.053 | 0.43(0.72) | 0.39(0.69) | 0.68(1.07) | Hispanic>White, Hispanic>Black* |
| Snack Vegetable (cup/day) | 0.1(0.27) | 0.07(0.23) | 0.067 | 0.05(0.19) | 0.09(0.28) | 0.12(0.29) | Hispanic>White◦ |
| % total fat from snack | 28% | 28% | 0.64 | 28% | 28% | 27% | NS |
| % total carbohydrate from snack | 31% | 30% | 0.196 | 28% | 30% | 34% | Hispanic>White* |
| % total protein from snack | 24% | 24% | 0.883 | 23% | 23% | 25% | NS |
| % total sugar from snack | 35% | 35% | 0.496 | 33% | 35% | 37% | NS |
| % total fruit from snack | 35% | 33% | 0.517 | 26% | 31% | 50% | Hispanic>White, Hispanic>Black* |
| % total vegetable from snack | 10% | 7% | 0.159 | 5% | 9% | 12% | Hispanic>White◦ |
| % total energy from snacks | 29% | 28% | 0.525 | 27% | 28% | 30% | NS |
| % total energy intake from snack fat | 9% | 9% | 0.651 | 9% | 9% | 8% | NS |
| % total energy from snack carbohydrate | 17% | 16% | 0.126 | 15% | 16% | 18% | Hispanic>White* |
| % total energy from snack protein | 4% | 4% | 0.768 | 4% | 3% | 4% | NS |
| 2–6 years (N=417) | |||||||
| Total daily energy intake (Kcal/day) | 1610.18(467.58) | 1479.35(491.37) | 0.006 | 1517.48(484.07) | 1607.56(476.72) | 1312.01(509.82) | NS |
| Snacking frequency /day | 2.21(1.14) | 2.2(1.12) | 0.896 | 2.62(1.12) | 1.89(1.02) | 2.10(0.85) | White>Black, White>Hispanic* |
| Snack energy (g/day) | 395.32(240.6) | 379.17(277.76) | 0.525 | 402.1(222.66) | 385.93(288.25) | 298.24(184.1) | NS |
| Snack Fat (g/day) | 13.28(10.74) | 13.49(13.26) | 0.857 | 13.11(9.77) | 13.81(13.54) | 9.5(8.13) | NS |
| Snack Carbohydrate (g/day) | 61.61(38.67) | 57.31(35.82) | 0.24 | 64.11(36.11) | 57.84(39.27) | 48.46(27.98) | NS |
| Snack Protein (g/day) | 9.73(8.24) | 9.29(11.06) | 0.643 | 9.66(6.91) | 9.61(11.6) | 6.64(5.02) | NS |
| Snack Sugar (g/day) | 35.73(26.94) | 32.63(21.35) | 0.195 | 38.37(25.09) | 32.17(24.35) | 28.83(20.55) | NS |
| Snack Fruit (cup/day) | 0.57(1.19) | 0.44(0.73) | 0.202 | 0.61(1.3) | 0.39(0.72) | 0.68(0.67) | NS |
| Snack Vegetable (cup/day) | 0.11(0.34) | 0.09(0.29) | 0.553 | 0.09(0.29) | 0.11(0.35) | 0.08(0.21) | NS |
| % total fat from snack | 23% | 24% | 0.32 | 24% | 22% | 20% | NS |
| % total carbohydrate from snack | 28% | 28% | 0.936 | 30% | 26% | 29% | White>Black* |
| % total protein from snack | 16% | 16% | 0.666 | 17% | 15% | 14% | NS |
| % total sugar from snack | 32% | 32% | 0.962 | 35% | 29% | 37% | White>Black* |
| % total fruit from snack | 28% | 28% | 0.999 | 26% | 25% | 57% | Hispanic>White, Hispanic>Black* |
| % total vegetable from snack | 6% | 7% | 0.552 | 6% | 6% | 7% | NS |
| % total energy from snacks | 24% | 25% | 0.791 | 26% | 23% | 23% | White>Black* |
| % total energy intake from snack fat | 7% | 8% | 0.442 | 8% | 7% | 6% | NS |
| % total energy from snack carbohydrate | 15% | 15% | 0.978 | 17% | 14% | 16% | White>Black* |
| % total energy from snack protein | 2% | 2% | 0.686 | 3% | 2% | 2% | NS |
Note:
†
Bonferroni multiple comparisons.
*
The difference is still significant (significance level = 0.05) after controlling for maternal education level, gender and age.
◦
The difference became insignificant (significance level = 0.05) after controlling for maternal education level, gender and age.
‡
Non-significant.