Table 3:
Factors related with increased risk of metastatic disease
| Logistic Regression (Univariate analysis) | Logistic regression (Multivariable analysis) MODEL 1 |
Logistic regression (Multivariable analysis) MODEL 2 |
Logistic regression (Multivariable analysis) MODEL 3 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % of patients with metastatic disease | OR (95% CI); p value | OR (95% CI); p value | OR (95% CI); p value | OR (95% CI); p value | ||
| Gender | Female | 11.2% | 1 (Ref) | - | - | - |
| Male | 13.4% | 1.22 (0.77–1.92); 0.393 | - | - | - | |
| Age at diagnosis | Continuous variable | NA | 0.99 (0.98–1.01); 0.307 | - | - | - |
| Tumor size mm | ≤50 mm | 10.9% | 1 (Ref) | - | - | - |
| >50 mm | 15.7% | 1.52 (0.76–3.05); 0.236 | - | - | - | |
| Hormone | Epinephrine | 3.1% | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Norepinephrine | 12.9% | 4.64 (1.68–12.86); 0.003 | 3.01 (1.02–8.79); 0.045 | 2.88 (0.94–8.82); 0.065 | 3.12 (1.02–9.56); 0.046 | |
| Dopamine | 29.2% | 12.85 (3.67–44.93); <0.001 | 6.39 (1.62–25.24); 0.008 | 7.86 (2.03–30.4); 0.003 | 6.32 (1.58–25.30); 0.009 | |
| WHO 2004 | PCC | 7.9% | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| PGL | 29.1% | 4.81 (2.95–7.85); <0.001 | 1.52 (0.52–4.43); 0.436 | 3.09 (1.20–7.97); 0.019 | 1.76 (0.57–5.42); 0.324 | |
| WHO 2017 | PCC | 7.9% | 1 (Ref) | * | * | * |
| Sympathetic PGL | 29.2% | 4.82 (2.82–8.23); <0.001 | * | * | * | |
| Head and Neck PGL | 25.9% | 4.09 (1.65–10.21); 0.002 | * | * | * | |
| ATRX mutation status | ATRX mutated | 58.5% | 13.18 (4.78–36.36); <0.001 | * | * | * |
| ATRX wild type | 9.8% | 1 (Ref) | * | * | * | |
| 2-molecular subgroups | SDHB wild type | 8.9% | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | £ | & |
| SDHB mutated | 46.6% | 8.81 (4.92–15.78); <0.001 | 5.68 (1.79–18.06); 0.003 | £ | & | |
| 3-molecular subgroups | Wnt/unknown | 11.4% | 1 (Ref) | $ | 1 (Ref) | & |
| Pseudohypoxia | 24.3% | 2.49 (1.51–4.13); <0.001 | $ | 0.92 (0.35–2.43); 0.861 | & | |
| Kinase signaling | 4.1% | 0.33 (0.16–0.69); 0.003 | $ | 0.49 (0.13–1.91); 0.305 | & | |
| 4-molecular subgroups | Wnt/unknown | 11.4% | 1 (Ref) | $ | £ | 1 (Ref) |
| Pseudohypoxia TCA-cycle | 40.5% | 5.29 (2.96–9.47); <0.001 | $ | £ | 2.65 (0.83–8.48); 0.101 | |
| Pseudohypoxia VHL/EPAS1- | 11.2% | 0.98 (0.78–2.04); 0.965 | $ | £ | ! | |
| Kinase signaling | 4.1% | 0.33 (0.19–0.69); 0.003 | $ | £ | 0.45 (0.12–1.74); 0.246 | |
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; DA, Dopamine; E, Epinephrine; HNPGL, Head and Neck PGL; NA, Not Available; NE, Norepinephrine; OR, Odds Ratio; PCC, Pheochromocytoma; PGL, Paraganglioma; Ref, Reference; sPGLs Sympathetic PGL; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.
Not included, WHO 2004 classification included in the multivariable analysis.
3- and 4-molecular subgroup systems not included in Model 1 of the multivariable analysis (2-molecular subgroups included instead).
2- and 4-molecular-subgroups not included in Model 2 of the multivariable analysis (3-molecular subgroups classification included instead).
2- and 3-molecular subgroups not included in Model 3 of the multivariable analysis (4-molecular subgroups classification included instead).
could not be calculated due to lack of observations.
ATRX mutation status correlated with increased frequency of metastasis in univariate analysis. But, it was not included in the multivariate model due to a lack of clinical annotations in cases that had analysis of ATRX mutation status.