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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2019 Mar 1;60:138–145. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.010

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Approaches to manipulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in macrophages to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Delivery of free TLR agonists (left) or TLR agonists loaded in biomaterials (center) can polarize macrophages away from tumor-supportive phenotypes and toward antitumor phenotypes. Some biomaterials also provide a second route to bias TLR signaling through intrinsic material properties that directly trigger TLR signaling (center). Combining existing therapies – such as check-point blockade or adoptive T cell therapy – with TLR-mediated polarization of macrophages (right) can create synergistic therapeutic outcomes.