Figure 1.

Results of covariance structure analysis of the structural equation model with the childhood abuse subscale on child abuse and trauma (childhood abuse), subjective social status score (SSS), and the score of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), as well as depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) in 404 adult volunteers from the community. Rectangles indicate the observed variables, some of which are associated with the latent variable, which is shown as an oval. The arrows with solid lines represent the statistically significant paths, and the broken lines show the nonsignificant paths. The numbers beside the arrows show the direct standardized path coefficients (minimum: –1; maximum: +1), but indirect effects through variables are shown in the Results section. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.