Table 3.
Univariable odds ratio of clinical factors for LADA and classic type 1 diabetes in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed diabetes
| LADA | Classic T1DM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
| Age, years | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | ||
| 30–39 vs ≥50 | 1.60(1.31–1.97) | 4.80(3.76–6.13) | ||
| 40–49 vs ≥50 | 1.34(1.12–1.60) | 1.63(1.23–2.14) | ||
| Male vs female | 0.86(0.73–1.00) | 0.0507 | 1.03(0.83–1.27) | 0.8045 |
| Education | 0.1294 | 0.2150 | ||
| Tertiary education | 1.17(0.94–1.45) | 1.23(0.93–1.63) | ||
| Senior high school | 1.11(0.91–1.36) | 0.94(0.72–1.24) | ||
| Junior high school or lower | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| BMI | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | ||
| Overweight | 0.45(0.38–0.54) | 0.21(0.15–0.28) | ||
| Obesity | 0.32(0.24–0.43) | 0.12(0.07–0.21) | ||
| Normal weight | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Central obesity | 0.45(0.38–0.54) | <0.0001 | 0.27(0.21–0.35) | <0.0001 |
| Family history of diabetes | 0.76(0.64–0.93) | 0.0074 | 0.76(059–0.98) | 0.0353 |
| BP <130/80 mmHg | 1.37(1.14–1.64) | 0.0009 | 2.70(1.99–3.66) | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L | 1.16(0.99–1.36) | 0.0725 | 1.60(1.29–1.99) | <0.0001 |
| TG <1.7 mmol/L | 2.13(1.80–2.53) | <0.0001 | 2.78(2.19–3.54) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C >1.0 mmol/L in male or 1.3 mmol/L in female | 1.32(1.12–1.55) | 0.0009 | 1.39(1.11–1.73) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) | 0.62(0.50–0.77) | <0.0001 | 0.37(0.26–0.52) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting C-peptide | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | ||
| Upper quartile | 0.21(0.16–0.27) | 0.01(0.00–0.02) | ||
| Mid-high quartile | 0.29(0.23–0.37) | 0.02(0.01–0.04) | ||
| Mid-low quartile | 0.42(0.35–0.52) | 0.04(0.02–0.06) | ||
| Bottom quartile | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Postprandial C-peptide | <0.0001* | <0.0001* | ||
| Upper quartile | 0.22(0.17–0.28) | 0.01(0.00–0.03) | ||
| Mid-high quartile | 0.24(0.19–0.30) | 0.01(0.00–0.03) | ||
| Mid-low quartile | 0.31(0.25–0.39) | 0.04(0.02–0.07) | ||
| Bottom quartile | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Current smoking | 0.96(0.81–1.14) | 0.6262 | 1.14(0.91–1.43) | 0.2531 |
| Current drinking | 0.70(0.55–0.88) | 0.0020 | 0.88(0.66–1.17) | 0.3714 |
| Diet treatment | 1.08(0.93–1.27) | 0.3162 | 1.18(0.96–1.46) | 0.1221 |
| Physical activity | 1.06(0.90–1.24) | 0.5123 | 1.12(0.90–1.39) | 0.2979 |
| Location of residence | ||||
| South vs North | 0.95(0.80–1.12) | 0.5157 | 1.01(0.81–1.26) | 0.9414 |
| Rural vs Urban | 1.01(0.82–1.26) | 0.9046 | 1.22(0.92–1.61) | 0.1679 |
| Use of medicines | ||||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 0.59(0.47–0.74) | <0.0001 | 0.26(0.17–0.39) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid lowering drugs | 0.57(0.41–0.78) | 0.0004 | 0.71(0.48–1.05) | 0.0828 |
| Insulin | 2.19(1.75–2.75) | <0.0001 | 6.83(5.43–8.59) | <0.0001 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 1.44(1.19–1.74) | 0.0002 | 1.07(0.81–1.42) | 0.0618 |
| Metformin | 0.98(0.83–1.16) | 0.8149 | 0.47(0.36–0.62) | <0.0001 |
| Sulphonylurea | 1.06(0.84–1.33) | 0.6265 | 0.34(0.21–0.55) | <0.0001 |
| GLP-1 based drugs | 0.84(0.34–2.05) | 0.6987 | 0.31(0.04–2.21) | 0.2427 |
Note: *p for trend.
Abbreviations: LADA, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; Tertiary education is defined as college level or above.