Table 3.

Distributions of sociodemographic variables, pre-migration, peri-migration, post-migration ∞ trauma-related and psychosocial risk factors, mental disorders, and physical impairment by severity of functional impairment (n = 959) ± 

Sociodemographic variables	Low (n = 573)		Moderate (n = 220)		Severe (n = 166)		X2 tests
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Age
18—30	370	64.6	148	67.3	126	75.9
31—40	104	18.2	42	19.1	29	17.5
41 and above	99	17.3	30	13.6	11	6.6	P = 0.021
Gender a
Female	136	25.6	26	11.9	9	5.3
Male	395	74.4	192	88.1	156	94	P < ·001
Employment a
Unemployed	78	17.8	34	21	8	5.3
Employed/domestic duties	360	82.2	128	79	144	86.7	P < 0.001
Educational attainment a
Illiterate/no education	307	66.2	134	69.4	97	68.3
Completed primary education	157	33.8	59	30.6	45	31.7	P = 0.692
Marital status a
Single/unmarried	184	38.7	90	46·6	86	54·4
Married/widowed	291	61.3	103	53.4	72	45.6	P < 0.001
Residency status a
Held UNHCR refugee statusb	382	72.8	174	82.5	131	97.8
Stateless (without UNCHR protection)c	143	27.2	37	17.5	3	2.2	P < 0.001
Exposure to pre-migration TEs
0–10 counts	273	47·6	70	31·8	67	40.4
11–20 counts	264	46.1	124	56.4	61	36.8
21 counts or more	36	6.3	26	11.8	38	22.9	P < 0.001
Exposure to peri-migration stressors
0–5 counts	157	27.4	34	15.5	11	6.6
6–10 counts	333	58.1	133	60.5	77	46.4
11 counts or more	83	14.5	53	24.1	78	47	P < 0.001
Mode of travel to Malaysia a
By boat	469	89.2	203	93.6	163	98.8
By car or other means	57	10.8	14	6.5	2	1.2	P < 0.001
Post-migration living difficulties d
0–10 counts	206	37.3	36	16.7	5	3.1
11–20 counts	302	54.7	165	76.7	122	74.4
21 counts or more	44	8	14	6.5	37	22.6	P < 0.001
Overall self-rated physical health
Excellent/very good	168	70.6	59	26.8	38	22.9
Fair/poor	404	29.4	161	73.2	128	77.1	P < 0.001
Mental disorders
No disorder	397	69.3	104	47.3	44	26.5
One disorder	138	24.1	76	34.6	82	49.4
Two or more disorders	38	6.6	40	18.2	40	24.1	P < 0.001

^amissing data on key demographic variables were excluded from the analysis

^bParticipants were recognized as genuine refugees by UNHCR following Refugee Status Determination (RSD)

^cParticipants did not hold UNHCR protection status at the time of the survey

^dPost-migration living difficulties were endorsed at moderate or severe levels