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. 2019 Sep 2;10:3919. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11903-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Key parameters of cyclic two-step electrolysis. a The effect of oxidation potential on current density recovery. The oxidation potential was changed with the oxidation period fixed at 6 s. b Current density vs. time curves as a function of oxidation period. The oxidation period was varied from 2 to 20 s while the oxidation potential was fixed at 1.22 V vs. RHE. In controlling the oxidation parameters, the reduction potential and period were fixed to −0.18 V vs. RHE and 20 min. c Current density vs. time curves of the oxidation step with various oxidation periods. d The dependence of the current density (j_total) recovery and the HCOO⁻ Faradaic efficiency (FE) on the oxidation period. The HCOO⁻ FE was measured using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the liquid product after cyclic two-step electrolysis. The j_total recovery values were calculated by dividing the initial current density of the sixth cycle by that of the first cycle in Fig. 4b. Error bars: mean±s.d. Source data are provided as a Source Data file