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. 2019 Aug 27;10:1902. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01902

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Copyright © 2019 Waller, James, de Jong, Blackmore, Ma, Stagg, Kelsell, O'Dwyer, Hutchins and Alazawi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cultured monocytes have reduced function. (A) Migration toward MCP-1 is impaired when PBMCs sampled from healthy controls were first incubated in medium for 24 h (p = 0.002). Monocytes retrieved from the lower chamber expressed as a percentage of the total added to the upper chamber of a transwell plate. Culture of PBMCs ex vivo impairs (B) IFNα-mediated STAT1 phosphorylation (p = 0.016), (C) LPS-induced TNFα (p = 0.056) and (D) LPS-induced IL-6 production (p = 0.032) (E) but increases LPS-induced IL-10 production (p = 0.004) as determined by flow cytometry.