Fig. 4.

Optimal patterns minimizing the peak values of blood glucose level or insulin concentration. a Glucose minimization pattern (left) and insulin minimization pattern (right) for glucose ingestion that minimizes the peak value of blood glucose level in subject #1, #2, and #3. b Temporal patterns of blood glucose simulated from ingestion of glucose according to the glucose minimization pattern (red line), the insulin minimization pattern (blue line), bolus ingestion (black solid line), or 1 h-continuous ingestion (black broken line). The peak values achieved for each ingestion pattern are marked with dashed horizontal lines. c Time course data of blood glucose level by the ingestion of the glucose minimization pattern (red line and square symbols), the bolus ingestion (black solid line and plus symbols), and 1 h-continuous (black broken line and circles). The peak values achieved for each ingestion pattern are marked with dashed horizontal lines. d Temporal patterns of insulin concentration simulated from ingestion of glucose according to the glucose minimization pattern (red line), insulin minimization pattern (blue line), bolus ingestion (black solid line), or 1 h-continuous ingestion (black broken line)