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. 2019 Aug 27;10:2022. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02022

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Copyright © 2019 Wu, Chen, Xu and Gu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration of different PD-L1 formats. (A) mPD-L1, located on the tumor cell membrane, is able to bind with PD-1 on T cells and response to tumor immune escape. PD-L1 antibody competitively binding to mPD-L1 breaks the tolerance, leading to tumor cell clearance. (B) cPD-L1 is located in cytoplasm, and potentiates to transfer to mPD-L1. (C) nPD-L1 is located in nuclei. Its aberrant upregulation is speculated to be associated with promoted cell chemo-resistance. (D) sPD-L1 refers to its soluble format in the serum, generated from either endogenous secretion or cleaved fraction of mPD-L1s. Both host cells (such as APC and DC) and tumor cells can be the source of sPD-L1. PD-L1 antibody therapeutic effect is limited to sPD-L1 consumption, and cannot modulate intracellular PD-L1.