Table 2.
Clinical characteristics, pulmonary function test, bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA-BMD), and CT bone density (CTBD) of the entire study cohort according to smoking status (never, former, and current smokers).
| Never smokers (n = 254) | Former smokers (n = 568) | Current smokers (n = 189) | P-value | Adjusted P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 62.5 ± 7.2 | 62.8 ± 7.0 | 59.8 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | N/A |
| Height (cm) | 166.7 ± 6.0 | 167.4 ± 5.5 | 167.9 ± 5.2 | 0.06 | N/A |
| Weight (kg) | 67.9 ± 9.4 | 69.1 ± 8.8 | 68.7 ± 9.8 | 0.21 | N/A |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 2.9 | 24.7 ± 2.6 | 24.3 ± 3.0 | 0.28 | N/A |
| Regular exerciser, n | 131 (51.6%) | 282 (49.7%) | 79 (41.8%) | 0.10 | N/A |
| Current drinker, n | 148 (58.3%) | 388 (68.3%) | 147 (77.8%) | <0.001 | N/A |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 7.9 ± 14.9 | 14.5 ± 21.7 | 21.9 ± 29.2 | <0.001 | N/A |
| Osteopenia, n | 70 (27.6) | 179 (31.5) | 66 (34.9) | 0.006 | N/A |
| Osteoporosis, n | 21 (8.3) | 28 (4.9) | 22 (11.6) | ||
| PFT | |||||
| FEV1 (L) | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 0.87 | 0.001 |
| FVC (L) | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 0.09 | 0.41 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio (%) | 78.0 ± 4.9 | 76.2 ± 5.6 | 75.6 ± 7.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CTBD (HU) | |||||
| T4 | 202.7 ± 49.8 | 193.5 ± 47.1 | 192.2 ± 41.6 | 0.02 | 0.003 |
| T7 | 190.5 ± 45.9 | 183.8 ± 44.8 | 183.2 ± 41.5 | 0.14 | 0.04 |
| T10 | 192.4 ± 48.4 | 185.1 ± 45.7 | 184.2 ± 40.6 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| L1 | 157.9 ± 42.6 | 149.1 ± 40.9 | 148.4 ± 39.0 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
| T4, T7, T10 (mean) | 195.20 ± 45.9 | 187.5 ± 43.3 | 188.2 ± 38.2 | 0.05 | 0.008 |
| DEXA-BMD (g/cm2) | |||||
| L1 | 1.08 ± 0.20 | 1.07 ± 0.17 | 1.03 ± 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| L2 | 1.17 ± 0.21 | 1.17 ± 0.19 | 1.12 ± 0.17 | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| L3 | 1.23 ± 0.21 | 1.23 ± 0.19 | 1.18 ± 0.19 | 0.009 | 0.04 |
| L4 | 1.28 ± 0.23 | 1.28 ± 0.21 | 1.22 ± 0.20 | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| L1-L4 (mean) | 1.20 ± 0.21 | 1.20 ± 0.19 | 1.15 ± 0.18 | 0.006 | 0.02 |
| L2-L4 (mean) | 1.24 ± 0.21 | 1.23 ± 0.20 | 1.18 ± 0.18 | 0.005 | 0.01 |
aP-values from ANOVA after adjusting for age, height, and daily alcohol consumption.
Note- N/A, not applicable; BMI, body mass index; PFT, pulmonary function test; DEXA-BMD, bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; CTBD, CT bone density; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1/FVC, ratio of FEV1 to FVC.