Fig. 3.

Recording of the intracardiac electrocardiogram and voltage map after ablation. (A) Dissociated spikes (arrows) were observed in the PLSVC after the PLSVC isolation using the 28-mm cryoballoon. AF was not induced at all after the PLSVC isolation. (B) After the PLSVC isolation, a voltage map was displayed on the three-dimensional reconstructed geometries of the LA, PLSVC, and RA on the EnSite^™ NavX^™ mapping system in the left anterior oblique projection during sinus rhythm. The distal PLSVC exhibited low voltage areas.

AF, atrial fibrillation; PLSVC, persistent left superior vena cava; LA, left atrium; RA, right atrium.