Table 2.
Treatment strategy and outcomes on admission
| Characteristic | Overall population |
Propensity matched population |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bisoprolol (n = 553) | Carvedilol (n = 831) | p value | SMD | Bisoprolol (n = 508) | Carvedilol (n = 508) | p value | SMD | |
| Treatments | ||||||||
| BB dose, mg | 2.50 (1.25–2.50) | 6.25 (6.25–12.5) | Na | Na | 2.50 (1.25–2.50) | 6.25 (6.25–12.5) | Na | Na |
| BB dose, mg | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 11.5 ± 8.9 | Na | Na | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 11.2 ± 8.6 | Na | Na |
| BB dose equivalent, % | 23.3 ± 15.9 | 23.0 ± 17.7 | 0.72 | 1.9 | 23.1 ± 15.5 | 22.4 ± 17.2 | 0.48 | 4.4 |
| AAs at discharge | 268 (48.5) | 509 (61.3) | < 0.001a | –25.9 | 257 (50.6) | 260 (51.2) | 0.90 | –1.2 |
| RASB at discharge | 461 (83.4) | 694 (83.5) | > 0.99 | –0.4 | 423 (83.3) | 427 (84.1) | 0.80 | –2.1 |
| Loop diuretics | 526 (95.1) | 786 (94.6) | 0.75 | 2.4 | 484 (95.3) | 479 (94.3) | 0.57 | 4.6 |
| Intravenous inotropes | 163 (29.5) | 210 (25.3) | 0.10 | 9.4 | 151 (29.7) | 152 (29.9) | > 0.99 | –0.4 |
| Transfusion | 74 (13.4) | 115 (13.8) | 0.87 | –1.3 | 69 (13.6) | 72 (14.2) | 0.86 | –1.7 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 56 (10.1) | 90 (10.8) | 0.74 | –2.3 | 53 (10.4) | 55 (10.8) | 0.92 | –1.3 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 28 (5.1) | 57 (6.9) | 0.21 | 7.6 | 28 (5.5) | 34 (6.7) | 0.51 | –5.3 |
| Assist deviceb | 28 (5.1) | 46 (5.5) | 0.79 | 2.1 | 27 (5.3) | 28 (5.5) | > 0.99 | –0.9 |
| Outcomes on admission | ||||||||
| ICU admission | 272 (49.2) | 368 (44.3) | 0.08 | 9.8 | 247 (48.6) | 235 (46.3) | 0.49 | 4.9 |
| Length of stay, day | 12.8 ± 14.1 | 11.6 ± 13.1 | 0.09 | 9.2 | 12.7 ± 14.4 | 12.0 ± 15.2 | 0.42 | 5.3 |
| SBP at discharge, mmHg | 111.3 ± 16.7 | 114.7 ± 17.4 | < 0.001a | –19.7 | 112.0 ± 16.9 | 112.3 ± 16.9 | 0.80 | –1.6 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range), mean ± SD, or number (%).
SMD, standardized mean difference; BB, β-blocker; NA, not available; AA, aldosterone antagonist; RASB, renin angiotensin system blocker; ICU, intensive care unit; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
a
Statistically significance.
b
Assist devices included intra-aortic balloon pumps, left ventricular assist devices, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and cardiac resynchronization therapy.