Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, assessment, and behavioral variables for the 12 patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and 12 healthy controls (HCs).
| PNES | HCs | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 44.5 (20.5) | 35.5 (15.0) | 0.47 | |
| Sex, female | 11 (92) | 11 (92) | 1.0 | |
| Education, years | 14.5 (3.0) | 15.0 (5.3) | 0.43 | |
| Age of illness onset | 36.5 (17.5) | – | – | |
| Illness duration, years | 2 (2.75) | – | – | |
| Number of seizures in past 3 months | 24 (27.8) | – | – | |
| Assessments | ||||
| Profile of mood states total mood disturbance | 80.0 (85.0) | 6.0 (32.0) | 0.012 | |
| Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) | 28 (24.5) | 3.0 (7.0) | 0.0006 | |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) | 15.0 (18.5) | 4.5 (5.0) | 0.0008 | |
| Trait-related Anxiety Inventory | 50.0 (20.0) | 30.5 (14.5) | 0.0055 | |
| 14-Item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) | 34.5 (19.0) | 19.0 (6.0) | 0.0042 | |
| Short Form-36 (SF-36) | Physical functioning | 42.5 (27.5) | 95.0 (60.0) | 0.048 |
| Limitations due to physical health | 0.0 (25.0) | 100.0 (12.5) | 0.0001 | |
| Limitations due to emotional problems | 16.7 (50.0) | 100.0 (33.3) | 0.0019 | |
| Energy/Fatigue | 33.3 (32.5) | 70.0 (28.3) | 0.0065 | |
| Emotional well being | 52.0 (30.0) | 74.0 (18.0) | 0.0041 | |
| Social functioning | 31.3 (37.5) | 93.8 (31.3) | 0.0001 | |
| Pain | 38.8 (55.0) | 78.8 (28.8) | 0.029 | |
| General health | 32.5 (42.4) | 85.0 (10.0) | <0.0001 | |
| Ways of coping questionnaire | Confrontative coping | 3.5 (5.5) | 5.0 (3.5) | 0.98 |
| Distancing | 6.5 (10.0) | 5.5 (4.0) | 0.84 | |
| Self-controlling | 10.0 (8.0) | 11.5 (10.0) | 0.20 | |
| Seeking social support | 7.0 (8.0) | 7.0 (9.0) | 0.93 | |
| Accepting responsibility | 5.0 (4.5) | 4.0 (3.5) | 0.45 | |
| Escape-avoidance | 6.0 (7.0) | 5.0 (6.5) | 0.31 | |
| Planful problem solving | 8.5 (6.0) | 13.0 (9.0) | 0.043 | |
| Positive reappraisal | 4.5 (7.0) | 8.5 (10.0) | 0.16 | |
| Behavioral task performance | ||||
| Control math task | Math Accuracy, % correct | 89.7 (20.6) | 92.6 (11.8) | 0.36 |
| Math Response Time, msec | 3095 (700) | 2356 (822) | 0.12 | |
| Tone Accuracy, % correct | 100.0 (6.3) | 100.0 (0.0) | 0.28 | |
| Tone Response Time, msec | 1298 (548) | 912 (240) | 0.12 | |
| Stress math task | Math Accuracy, % correct | 43.7 (15.1) | 50.8 (14.3) | 0.35 |
| Math Response Time, msec | 3314 (679) | 3438 (272) | 0.56 | |
| Tone Accuracy, % correct | 100.0 (0.0) | 100.0 (0.0) | 1.0 | |
| Tone Response Time, msec | 953 (410) | 838 (200) | 0.30 | |
Data reported as median (inter-quartile range) except for sex, which is reported as frequency (percentage); msec = milliseconds.