Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population by IV APAP use. *Continuous variables median and interquartile range reported, instead of N and %, respectively.**Chi-square test for categorical variables, t test for continuous variables.
| Study population characteristics | IV APAP Use |
P** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 11,949) |
No (n = 55,545) |
||||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Dose and day of Use | |||||
| Day 0 | |||||
| 0 | 421 | 3.5 | — | — | |
| 1 | 8308 | 69.5 | — | — | |
| 2+ | 3220 | 26.9 | — | — | |
| Day 1 | |||||
| 0 | 8670 | 72.6 | — | — | |
| 1 | 1582 | 13.2 | — | — | |
| 2+ | 1697 | 14.2 | — | — | |
| Day 2+ | |||||
| 0 | 11,510 | 96.3 | — | — | |
| 1 | 236 | 2.0 | — | — | |
| 2+ | 203 | 1.7 | — | — | |
| Patient demographics | |||||
| Median Age* | 70 | 63–76 | 70 | 63–76 | 0.7795 |
| Gender | 0.0228 | ||||
| Female | 6720 | 56.2 | 31,869 | 57.4 | |
| Male | 5229 | 43.8 | 23,676 | 42.6 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||
| White | 10,528 | 88.1 | 47,166 | 84.9 | |
| Black | 572 | 4.8 | 2454 | 4.4 | |
| Hispanic | 1 | 0.0 | 45 | 0.1 | |
| Other | 848 | 7.1 | 5880 | 10.6 | |
| Health care related | |||||
| Insurance type | 0.0010 | ||||
| Commercial | 2698 | 22.6 | 12,225 | 22.0 | |
| Medicaid | 343 | 2.9 | 1299 | 2.3 | |
| Medicare | 8341 | 69.8 | 39,165 | 70.5 | |
| Uninsured | 54 | 0.5 | 221 | 0.4 | |
| Unknown | 513 | 4.3 | 2635 | 4.7 | |
| Hospital location | 0.0052 | ||||
| Rural | 1233 | 10.3 | 5270 | 9.5 | |
| Urban | 10,716 | 89.7 | 50,275 | 90.5 | |
| Hospital size | <0.0001 | ||||
| <300 beds | 4756 | 39.8 | 23,477 | 42.3 | |
| 300–499 beds | 3886 | 32.5 | 18,172 | 32.7 | |
| ≥500 beds | 3307 | 27.7 | 13,896 | 25.0 | |
| Hospital teaching status | |||||
| Nonteaching | 7277 | 60.9 | 33,903 | 61.0 | 0.7814 |
| Teaching | 4672 | 39.1 | 21,642 | 39.0 | |
| Median# of annual shoulder arthroplasties per hospital* | 46 | 31–81 | 52 | 31–83 | <0.0001 |
| Procedure related | |||||
| Year of procedure | <0.0001 | ||||
| 2011 | 292 | 2.4 | 8180 | 14.7 | |
| 2012 | 943 | 7.9 | 8896 | 16.0 | |
| 2013 | 2144 | 17.9 | 8637 | 15.6 | |
| 2014 | 2716 | 22.7 | 8935 | 16.1 | |
| 2015 | 2984 | 25.0 | 10,596 | 19.1 | |
| 2016 | 2870 | 24.0 | 10,301 | 18.5 | |
| Type of procedure | <0.0001 | ||||
| Total shoulder arthroplasty | 5244 | 43.9 | 25,327 | 45.6 | |
| Reverse shoulder arthroplasty | 5534 | 46.3 | 23,807 | 42.9 | |
| Partial shoulder arthroplasty | 1171 | 9.8 | 6411 | 11.5 | |
| Analgesia related | |||||
| Peripheral nerve block | 1988 | 16.6 | 12,801 | 23.0 | <0.0001 |
| NSAIDs | 4665 | 39.0 | 17,931 | 32.3 | <0.0001 |
| Cox-2 inhibitors | 3260 | 27.3 | 10,835 | 19.5 | <0.0001 |
| Ketamine | 418 | 3.5 | 1293 | 2.3 | <0.0001 |
| Gabapentinoids | 3434 | 28.7 | 11,893 | 21.4 | <0.0001 |
| Patient-controlled analgesia | 840 | 7.0 | 5986 | 10.8 | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity related | |||||
| Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index (categorized) | 0.0075 | ||||
| 0 | 7901 | 66.1 | 37,479 | 67.5 | |
| 1 | 2777 | 23.2 | 12,143 | 21.9 | |
| 2 | 802 | 6.7 | 3657 | 6.6 | |
| 2+ | 469 | 3.9 | 2266 | 4.1 | |
| History of substance use/abuse | 1143 | 9.6 | 5264 | 9.5 | 0.7642 |
| Pain conditions | 2381 | 19.9 | 10,501 | 18.9 | 0.0100 |
| Psychiatric comorbidities | 2765 | 23.1 | 12,401 | 22.3 | 0.0531 |
Cox-2 = cyclooxygenase-2; IV APAP = intravenous acetaminophen; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.