Table 4.

The association between a nonopioid analgesic, COX-2 inhibitors and study outcomes (*P < 0.05, **% change).

Study outcomes	Cox-2 inhibitor use
	[Reference = no Cox-2]
Resource utilization
Oral morphine equivalents**	−6.1% (−7.5%; −4.6%)*
Length of hospital stay**	−6.4% (−8.1%; −4.6%)*
Cost of hospitalization**	−1.2% (−1.9%; −0.5%)*
Opioid-related adverse effects
Respiratory	0.91 (0.76; 1.10)
Gastrointestinal	0.84 (0.67; 1.06)
Central nervous system	0.96 (0.71; 1.29)
Genitourinary system	0.94 (0.80; 1.11)
Other	0.71 (0.52; 0.97)*
Use of naloxone	0.91 (0.71; 1.17)

Cox-2 = cyclooxygenase-2.