Table A1.
Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils. MIC data are shown for each essential oil against the three pathogenic fungi tested herein.
| Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Common Name | Location | MIC (ppm) | |||
| A. nig. | C. alb. | C. neo. | ||||
| 1 | Abelmoschus moschatus | Ambrette Seed/Musk Mallow | India | 625 | 1250 | 625 |
| 2 | Achillea millefolium | Yarrow | Bulgaria | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 3 | Agonis fragrans | Fragonia | Australia | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 4 | Ajowan Trachyspermum ammi | Ajwain/Ajowan | Finland | 310 | 310 | 80 |
| 5 | Alpinia zerumbet | Shell Ginger/Getto | Japan | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 6 | Amyris balsamifera | Amyris | Haiti | 160 | 625 | 40 |
| 7 | Aquilaria sinensis | Agarwood/Aloeswood | Vietnam | 160 | 625 | 80 |
| 8 | Artemisia dracunculus | Tarragon | France | 625 | 1250 | 625 |
| 9 | Artemisia pallens | Davana/Dhavanam | India | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 10 | Artemisia vulgaris | Mugwort/Titepati | Nepal | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 11 | Bursera graveolens | Palo Santo “Holy Wood” | Ecuador | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 12 | Callitris intratropica | Blue Cypress | Australia | 160 | 625 | 80 |
| 13 | Carum carvi | Caraway | Finland | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 14 | Cedrelopsis grevei Baill | Katrafay | Madagascar | 160 | 625 | 160 |
| 15 | Cedrus atlantica (1) | Atlas Cedarwood | Morocco | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 16 | Cedrus atlantica (2) | Atlas Cedarwood | Morocco | 310 | 80 | 20 |
| 17 | Chamaecyparis obtusa | Hinoki Cypress | Japan | 625 | 625 | 80 |
| 18 | Chamaemelum nobile | Chamomile/Whig Plant | China | 625 | 1250 | 310 |
| 19 | Chrysopogon zizanioides | Wild Vetiver/Khus | India | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 20 | Cinnamomum camphora | Camphor Tree/Ravintsara | China | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 21 | Cinnamomum glaucescens | Sugandha Kokila | Nepal | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 22 | Citrus aurantium | Neroli | Egypt | 625 | 1250 | 625 |
| 23 | Citrus aurantium ssp. amara | Petitgrain | Paraguay | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 24 | Citrus bergamia | Bergamot | Italy | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 25 | Citrus clementina | Clementine | France | 625 | 310 | 80 |
| 26 | Citrus depressa Hayata | Shiikuwasha | Japan | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 27 | Citrus junos | Yuzu | Japan | 625 | 1250 | 310 |
| 28 | Citrus limon | Lemon | Italy | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 29 | Citrus reticulata | Mandarin/Tangerine | Brazil | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 30 | Comiphora myrrh | Myrrh | Ethiopia | 310 | 625 | 160 |
| 31 | Coriandrum sativum (1) | Coriander/Cilantro | Russia | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 32 | Coriandrum sativum (2) | Coriander/Cilantro | Russia | 625 | 625 | 80 |
| 33 | Cupressus semiperviens | Cypress | Morocco | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 34 | Curcuma zedoaria | Zedoary/White Turmeric | Nepal | 310 | 625 | 310 |
| 35 | Cymbopogon jwarancusa | Sotigrass | Nepal | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 36 | Cymbopogon martinii var motia | Palmarosa | Nepal | 310 | 625 | 310 |
| 37 | Cymbopogon winterianus | Citronella/Lemon Grass | Indonesia | 310 | 625 | 160 |
| 38 | Elettaria cardamomum | Cardamom | Guatemala | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 39 | Eugenia uniflora | Pitanga/Brazilian or Surinam Cherry | Brazil | 310 | 625 | 160 |
| 40 | Ferula galbaniflua | Galbanum Resin | Germany | 160 | 160 | 80 |
| 41 | Foenicul vulgare | Fennel | Bulgaria | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 42 | Gautheria fragrantissima | Wintergreen | Nepal | 625 | 1250 | 625 |
| 43 | Geranium macrorrhizum | Zdravetz | Bulgaria | 310 | 625 | 160 |
| 44 | Hedychium coronarium (1) | White Garland or Ginger Lily | India | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 45 | Hedychium coronarium (2) | White Garland or Ginger Lily | India | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 46 | Helichrysum italicum | Helichrysum | Albania | 310 | 625 | 160 |
| 47 | Homalomena aromatica | Ghandi Root | India | 310 | 625 | 310 |
| 48 | Hyssopus officinalis | Hyssop | France | 625 | 310 | 160 |
| 49 | Illicium verum | Star Anise | Egypt | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 50 | Juniperus communis | Juniper | Albania | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 51 | Kunzea ambigua | White Kunzea | Australia | 310 | 625 | 160 |
| 52 | Kunzea ericoides | Kanuka/White Tea Tree | Australia | 310 | 625 | 80 |
| 53 | Laurus nobilis | Laurel Leaf/Bay Laurel | Austria | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 54 | Lavandula hybrida | Lavandin | France | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 55 | Litsea cubeba | May Chang | China | 310 | 625 | 160 |
| 56 | Matricaria chamomilla | Blue Chamomile | Nepal | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 57 | Melaleuca cajuputi | Cajeput | Indonesia | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 58 | Myrtle communis | Myrtle | Albania | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 59 | Nardostachys jatamansi | Spikenard/Nard/Muskroot | Nepal | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 60 | Nymphaea caerulea | Blue Lotus/Blue Water Lily | India | 625 | 1250 | 625 |
| 61 | Ocimum basilicum | Basil | Egypt | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 62 | Ocimum sanctum | Holy Basil/Tulsi | India | 310 | 625 | 310 |
| 63 | Osmanthus fragrans | Osmanthus | China | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 64 | Pelargonium graveolens | Geranium | Egypt | 310 | 625 | 310 |
| 65 | Picea mariana | Black Spruce | New Zealand | 310 | 625 | 80 |
| 66 | Piper nigrum | Black Pepper | Madagascar | 310 | 625 | 160 |
| 67 | Pogostemon cablin | Patchouli | Indonesia | 160 | 625 | 80 |
| 68 | Polianthes tuberosa | Tuberose | India | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 69 | Pseudotsuga menziesii | Douglas Fir | New Zealand | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 70 | Rhododendron anthopogon | Anthopogon | Nepal | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 71 | Rhododendron anthopogon | Rhododendron | Nepal | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 72 | Rosa damascena | Damask Rose/Rose of Castile | Bulgaria | 625 | 625 | 625 |
| 73 | Santalum spicatum | Sandalwood | Australia | 310 | 625 | 40 |
| 74 | Satureja montana | Winter Savory | Turkey | 160 | 310 | 160 |
| 75 | Tagetes minuta | Tagetes | Madagascar | 625 | 1250 | 625 |
| 76 | Tanacetum annuum | Tansy Oil/Blue Tansy | Morocco | 625 | 625 | 160 |
| 77 | Thumus vulgaris | Thyme | Turkey | 310 | 625 | 625 |
| 78 | Turnera diffusa | Damiana | Mexico | 625 | 625 | 80 |
| 79 | Valeriana officinalis | Valerian Root | Nepal | 625 | 625 | 310 |
| 80 | Vitex agnuscastus | Chasteberry/Vitex | Albania | 625 | 625 | 80 |
| 81 | Zingiber cassumunar | Plai | Indonesia | 310 | 625 | 310 |
| 82 | Zingiber officinale | Ginger | Madagascar | 625 | 1250 | 310 |
Note: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the amphotericin B control for A. niger and C. albicans was 0.78 µg/mL and for C. neoformans was 0.39 µg/mL. For the DMSO vehicle control, A. niger and C. neoformans were inhibited at 625 ppm whereas C. albicans was inhibited at 1250 ppm.