. 2019 Aug 15;20(16):3971. doi: 10.3390/ijms20163971

Table 2.

Overview of recent research articles (published since 2014) demonstrating Cd-induced effects on cell cycle-related parameters, arranged by plant species. Cadmium exposure is shown to reduce the mitotic index (i.e., the ratio between the number of cells undergoing mitosis and the total cell number), alter nuclear ploidy levels and affect the expression of cell cycle-related genes in different plant species. ↑ and ↓ symbols indicate increases and decreases, respectively. EdU: 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; FCM: flow cytometry; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR: reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Species	Organ	Cd Concentration	Exposure Duration	Effect	Detection Method	Reference
Allium cepa	Root tip	50–200 µM	2 h + 24 h recovery	Mitotic index ↓	Microscopic analysis	Arya and Mukherjee, 2014 [80]
Allium cepa	Root tip	25 µM	48 h	Mitotic index ↓	Microscopic analysis	Silveira et al., 2017 [86]
Arabidopsis thaliana	Root tip	0.125–2.5 mg L⁻¹	5 d	2C ↓, 4C ↑, 8C ↑	FCM	Cui et al., 2017 [101]
				Altered cell cycle phase distribution	FCM
				Altered expression cell cycle-related genes	qRT-PCR
	Root	1.25–4 mg L⁻¹	5 d	2C ↓, 4C ↑	FCM	Cao et al., 2018 [102]
	Root	1.25–4 mg L⁻¹	5 d	Altered expression of cell cycle-related genes	qRT-PCR	Cao et al., 2018 [102]
	Leaf	5 µM	3–12 d	Endoreduplication factor ↓	FCM	Hendrix et al., 2018 [105]
				Epidermal cell number and cell surface area ↓	Microscopic analysis
				Altered expression of cell-cycle related genes	qRT-PCR
Capsicum annuum	Root tip	20–100 ppm	24 h	Mitotic index ↓	Microscopic analysis	Aslam et al., 2014 [96]
Lactuca sativa	Root tip	25 µM	48 h	Mitotic index ↓	Microscopic analysis	Silveira et al., 2017 [86]
Lathyrus sativus	Root tip	5–50 µM	3–7 d	Mitotic index ↓	Microscopic analysis	Talukdar, 2014 [95]
Oryza sativa	Root	200 µM	7 d	Cortex cell length in elongation zone ↓	Microscopic analysis	Zhao et al., 2014 [131]
			7 d	Cortex cell number in elongation zone ↓	Microscopic analysis
			7–11 d	Altered expression of cell cycle-related genes	RT-PCR
Sorghum bicolor	Root tip	50–200 µM	5 d	Inhibition of S phase progression	EdU assay	Zhan et al., 2017 [139]