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. 2019 Aug 9;20(16):3894. doi: 10.3390/ijms20163894

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effects of low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) hyaluronic acid (HA) on the expression of IL-10 upon stimulation with TLR3 and TLR4 agonists. Astrocytes were pretreated for 0.5 or 48 h with HMW (10,100 or 450 µg/mL) and LMW (10,100 or 450 µg/mL) HA alone or in combination with LPS (100 ng/mL) or PIC (10 µg/mL) for 4 h. Relative IL-10 mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR, the data were normalized to β-actin mRNA levels. Results in (a,b,e,f) are presented as fold-changes of IL-10 relative to LPS or PIC-stimulated cells. Results in (d) are presented as fold-changes of IL-10 relative to the control cells. (c) IL-10 concentrations were measured by ELISA in supernatants from samples with long- (white bars) and short (black bars) -term HMW (450 µg/mL) and LMW (450 µg/mL) HA pretreatment followed by LPS or PIC stimulation for 4 h. Results in (c) are presented as fold-changes of IL-10 relative to the control cells. Values represent mean ± SEM from three independent experiments performed in triplicate. * p < 0.05, compared with the stimulated cells (a,b,e,f), * p < 0.05, compared with the unstimulated cells in (c,d).