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Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on protein recovery of fish scales: (I) pretreatment mode (A), fish scales (HS), ground scales (GHS) and decalcified scales (DHS) after hydrothermal pretreatment (135 °C for 90 min) and decalcified scales (DS); (II) effect of temperature (B), time (C) and substrate concentration (D) on protein recovery of fish scales during the hydrothermal treatment. Different letters indicate that the results differ significantly (p < 0.05).
