Table 2.
Difference between groups of variables according to the cognitive function and frailty status of subjects.
| Variables | Total (n = 231) | Cognitive Status | Frailty Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No MCI (n = 154) | MCI (n = 77) | No Pre-Frailty (n = 102) | Pre-Frailty (n = 129) | ||
| Age, years | 76.8 ± 3.5 | 76.8 ± 3.5 | 76.8 ± 3.6 | 77.2 ± 3.7 | 76.5 ± 3.4 |
| High, cm | 155.6 ± 6.8 | 155.7 ± 6.6 | 155.3 ± 7.1 | 154.9 ± 5.9 | 156.1 ± 7.4 |
| Weight, kg | 60.0 ± 8.7 | 59.2 ± 8.6 | 61.6 ± 8.9 * | 58.3 ± 7.8 | 61.3 ± 9.2 ** |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 24.4 ± 3.0 | 25.6 ± 3.2 ** | 24.3 ± 3.0 | 25.1 ± 3.1 * |
| Percent body fat mass, % | 37.6 ± 7.7 | 36.8 ± 7.8 | 39.4 ± 7.0 * | 37.9 ± 7.6 | 37.5 ± 7.7 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 92.6 ± 8.3 | 91.7 ± 8.3 | 94.3 ± 8.0 * | 91.1 ± 8.4 | 93.7 ± 7.9 |
| SBP, mmHg | 136.7 ± 13.0 | 136.0 ± 13.2 | 137.9 ± 12.5 | 134.6 ± 12.7 | 138.3 ± 13.1 * |
| DBP, mmHg | 74.3 ± 8.4 | 74.0 ± 8.2 | 74.8 ± 8.8 | 73.4 ± 7.7 | 75.0 ± 8.9 |
| Grip strength, kg | 22.1 ± 5.5 | 22.4 ± 5.6 | 21.5 ± 5.2 | 23.54 ± 5.4 | 21.0 ± 5.4 ** |
| Time up and go, s | 7.3 ± 1.4 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 7.5 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 7.6 ± 1.5 ** |
| Walking speed, m/s | 1.22 ± 0.2 | 1.23 ± 0.2 | 1.21 ± 0.2 | 1.28 ± 0.2 | 1.18 ± 0.2 *** |
| Walking distance, m/6 min | 375.7 ± 51.3 | 383.3 ± 49.9 | 360.4 ± 50.1 ** | 383.6 ± 52.9 | 369.4 ± 49.3 * |
| Physical active, kcal/week | 786.1 ± 662.2 | 855.1 ± 732.8 | 648.1 ± 166.0 * | 1005.9 ± 611.7 | 612.3 ± 651.0 *** |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 184.8 ± 30.0 | 183.3 ± 28.7 | 187.8 ± 32.3 | 181.0 ± 28.2 | 187.8 ± 31.1 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 129.2 ± 49.0 | 127.3 ± 43.7 | 133.2 ± 58.4 | 122.1 ± 43.3 | 134.9 ± 52.7 * |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 105.2 ± 28.6 | 103.6 ± 27.8 | 108.4 ± 29.6 | 102.9 ± 27.2 | 109.6 ± 29.3 * |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 53.8 ± 12.9 | 54.2 ± 13.3 | 52.8 ± 12.0 | 55.7 ± 13.1 | 52.2 ± 12.5 * |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 97.5 ± 14.3 | 97.0 ± 14.4 | 98.6 ± 14.1 | 96.4 ± 14.6 | 98.4 ± 14.1 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 7.6 ± 4.5 | 7.4 ± 4.1 | 8.2 ± 5.1 | 7.6 ± 4.2 | 7.7 ± 4.7 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.61 ± 0.6 | 0.58 ± 0.6 | 0.65 ± 0.7 | 0.59 ± 0.6 | 0.62 ± 0.6 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.87 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.2 |
| K-MMSE | 24.7 ± 3.2 | 26.5 ± 1.9 | 21.2 ± 2.0 *** | 25.6 ± 2.7 | 24.1 ± 3.4 *** |
| CIMTmax, mm | 0.92 ± 0.2 | 0.87 ± 0.2 | 1.01 ± 0.3 *** | 0.85 ± 0.2 | 0.97 ± 0.3 *** |
| CIMTmean, mm | 0.82 ± 0.2 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 0.90 ± 0.2 ** | 0.76 ± 0.2 | 0.87 ± 0.2 *** |
| CIMTmin, mm | 0.74 ± 0.2 | 0.71 ± 0.1 | 0.78 ± 0.1 *** | 0.69 ± 0.1 | 0.77 ± 0.1 *** |
| CLDmax, cm | 0.67 ± 0.1 | 0.66 ± 0.1 | 0.67 ± 0.1 | 0.65 ± 0.1 | 0.68 ± 0.1 * |
| CLDmin, cm | 0.62 ± 0.1 | 0.62 ± 0.1 | 0.63 ± 0.1 | 0.61 ± 0.1 | 0.63 ± 0.1 * |
Values are means ± standard deviation; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; K-MMSE, Korean version of the mini-mental state examination; CIMT, carotid artery intima-media thickness; CLD, carotid artery luminal diameter; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 difference between groups.